Jeffersonian And Jacksonian Democracy - 1574 Words

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy both have roots dating back to the Era of Good Feelings, when James Monroe created a golden climate of liberalism and national unity. As a result of the War of 1812, Monroe spoke of his policies and beliefs and in 1817, peace, liberty, prosperity, and progress flourished throughout the nation (Garraty 200). The Era of Good Feelings came to an end because of the â€Å"corrupt bargain† in 1824. The transition from Jeffersonian to Jacksonian Democracy involved scandalous events that undermine the authority of the president and the government itself. Each Democracy had different views: politically, socially, economically and religiously. Jackson’s idea of democracy, furthermore, is an accurate representation†¦show more content†¦Similar to the beliefs of the Founding Father’s political democracy that- ordinary men should have political power to protect himself against the superior man- Jacksonian Democracy deftly delive rs civil rights to white men (Garraty 240) (Document 1). Before Jackson’s presidency, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 in an effort to create a balance between the slave states and free states. This was significant because many southerners wanted to expand slavery while northerners wanted to abolish slavery. While northerners argued that Congress should be allowed to prohibit slavery, southerners insisted on â€Å"popular sovereignty†, the idea that states should be able to determine whether or not slavery should be allowed in their state(history.com). As a result, during Jackson’s presidency, more white men began to work and as the number of states entering the union increased, laws excluding African American men from voting increased under Jackson’s reign. This shows how racial segregation increases under Jackson’s reign. African Americans were given no civils rights and equality. Because of this, there was an Abolitionist Crusade in which William Lloyd Garrison forms an Anti-Slavery Society i n the 1830s. The majority of the Anti-Slavery Society is made up from democrats who protested the denial of political and civil rights to slaves. Freed and runaway slaves such as Frederick Douglass gave many speeches and wrote Narrative of theShow MoreRelatedJeffersonian Republicanism vs. Jacksonian Democracy1441 Words   |  6 Pagesstatus quo. The Jeffersonian Republicans image of the common man was one vested in the educated and independent farmer, who by no stretch of the imagine had the capabilities to serve in government. The Jacksonian Democracies image of the common man expanded from farmers to include laborers, planters, and mechanics. Jackson saw these people as the true representatives of the Government, and thus its true servers. The image of the common man for each the Jeffersonians and the Jacksonians differed in theRead MoreEssay on Jeffersonian Vs. Jacksonian Democracy in the US1927 Words   |  8 Pageswe distinguish ‘Jacksonian democracy’ from Ã¢â‚¬Ë œJeffersonian democracy’? A period of nearly 30 years are associated with the Presidency of Jefferson, his successors and his ‘democracy’ from 1801 until Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828. A vision of a united, equal America, limited government and natural aristocracy ruled the Jeffersonian style of democracy. However, with the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828, a new form of democracy, differentiating in multiply ways to the Jeffersonian America, engulfedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Democracy In The Early Republic. The Evolution1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of Democracy in the Early Republic The evolution of democracy from the time of President Thomas Jefferson to President Andrew Jackson can be depicted as a minimal change in conceptually agrarian viewpoints and strong supporters of equality for the common man. While the two men essentially shared many of the same beliefs and ideas, there was a noticeable difference to how they acted on them and spoke out about them. As the nation s third president, Jefferson organized the national governmentRead MoreU.s. Department Of State And The United States Agency Of International Development Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesdirection. In these strategic objectives there is representation of Wilsonian, Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian ideals. Current U.S. foreign policy certainly has a strong Wilsonian flavor. However, Wilson’s theory alone does not accurately portray U.S. foreign policy in the 21st Century. I will present examples of the other main political policy ideals and practices (Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian) in twenty-first century U.S. foreign relations. Woodrow Wilson was the 28th PresidentRead MoreThe Shaping Of Our Country1092 Words   |  5 PagesHistory I to 1876 Mr. William Stowe 28 November 2014 The shaping of our country has been impacted by several different factors, each contributing to it in their own way. Four of the major pivot points that occurred consists of: Jeffersonian democracy, Jacksonian democracy, Civil War/Reconstruction, Revolution/Constitution. However one of them happened to be the most impacting which was the Civil War and Reconstruction. The American Civil War occurred during 1861 to 1865, lasting only five yearsRead MoreSectionalism In The 19th Century1318 Words   |  6 Pagesand ongoing expansion during the early 19th century that helped to bring America together for a period both contributed to a time of happiness and breakthroughs in which America is trying to be defined as a happy and thriving nation. The rise of democracy coupled with the the gradual political process, both magnify the degree to which America was still trying to find themselves politically. The rise of sectionalism and decline of nationalism point to the once wavering aura of togetherness and separatenessRead MoreThe Evolution Of American Democracy Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of the American Democracy United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. The system gradually evolved, from Jeffersonian Democracy or the First Party System to Jacksonian Democracy or the Second Party System and later to the ThirdRead MoreDonald Trump s Foreign Policy Essay1843 Words   |  8 Pagesvalues and concerns of Jacksonian America (Mead 2002, 231).† Donald Trump embodies those Jacksonian principles almost down to the mark, with a small percentage of Jeffersonian thrown in. He believes in first and foremost protecting America and its interests while still protecting the liberties at home, and that is what has shaped and will shape his foreign policy if and when he becomes president. We will examine how Donald Trumps’ foreign policies align with the Jeffersonian school of thought firstRead MoreThe Evolution of American Democracy1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of the American Democracy United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. The system gradually evolved, from Jeffersonian Democracy or the First Party System to Jacksonian Democracy or the Second Party System and later to the Third PartyRead MoreThe Growth Of Democracy And Emergence Of Political Parties1804 Words   |  8 Pages1.There were many causes for the growth of democracy and emergence of political parties in early 19th century. To begin with, the expansion of franchise was instrumental in the growth of democracy. This occurred because certain legislatures laid back on their policies regarding who was allowed to vote. Many states started to increase white male suffrage, starting with Maryland, Indiana in 1816, Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819. By the mid 1820s majority of the states had expanding voting rights

Sherman Alexie A Native American Writer Essay - 1195 Words

Sherman Alexie has made a name for himself as a prolific contemporary Native American writer, taking inspiration from his own past and experiences with modern Indian life. While there are many enduring themes throughout Alexies writings: Native identity, modern reservation life, alcohol abuse etc. when it comes to his collection War Dances, the most apparent motif is fatherhood. Community and family are the heart of Native American cultures, with the father archetype holding great honor and expectation. However with alcohol abuse, poverty, and school drop rates running rampant through Native American reservations it is no surprise that more and more Native children are growing up in broken homes. In an alarming poll by the Kids Count Data†¦show more content†¦It is most clearly defined in the short story â€Å"War Dances†, for which the collection is named. Through â€Å"War Dances† Alexie not only reflects on his own experiences, but uses them as a vessel to e xpose the decay of the ideology of fatherhood plaguing Native communities all over the country. In an informative interview journalist Billy Moyers asks Alexie if his writing is cathartic; in which he replies â€Å"I think it can be healing for readers...but my own words for myself I dont think so.† (Moyers Company). In his works Alexie explores deep wounds not for healing, but as a means to sacrifice himself and foray the absolutism of the white man. In a new warrior fashion he uses the power of story to his advantage. â€Å"War Dances† maybe the most blatant example as it touches many personal aspects especially Alexies struggle with illness and of course the relationship with his father. While this story may not be curative for Alexie it is most definitely a meditation. The story covers the course of life, from birth to death (Russell). The narrator is suddenly stricken with a disease that harkens back to an illness diagnosed at birth. This rings true to Alexie, he has dealt with illness his entire life. As an infant he was diagnosed as hydrocephalus, the same disease the narrator had suffered in youth. When reading this piece you can hear Alexies voice exploring a life riddled with sickness. â€Å"I was worried I had a brain tumor. Or that myShow MoreRelatedSherman Alexie s Without Reservation980 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Native Americans and tradition most will agree that Sherman Alexie is not the typical Indian writer and that he has in effect isolated himself. Jess Row in his article â€Å"Without Reservation†, depicts Sherman Alexie as a storyteller that uses non developing dark humor which in turn portrays his theme among each short story in Blasphemy. I agree with Row’s argument that Alexie maintains a sense of humor throughout his writings but that it develops prematurely. I also believeRead MoreSherman Alexie s Childhood And Education1896 Words   |  8 PagesSherman Alexie’s childhoo d and education have had a profound effect on his writing and career. Being a Native American growing up on the Spokane Indian Reservation, Alexie has had to fight stereotypes and certain negative influences such as alcoholism and poverty his entire life. The reader can gain a better understanding of Alexie’s struggles and negative influences in his life through one of his poems, â€Å"Influences†, where he discusses the negative influences he faced with alcohol from his ownRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian, By Sherman Alexie1391 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Murphy Nyquist English-5 30 April 2015 Reservations or Restrictions According to 2010 US Census projections, 22% of our nation’s 5.2 million Native Americans live on reservations or tribal land. This may not seem to be an alarming statistic to most people. However, upon further examination of the living conditions, education, and life-altering effects that go along with living on an Indian reservation, this statistic may appear slightly more alarming. The effects of growing up on a reservationRead MoreCrow Testament Analysis1627 Words   |  7 PagesA Crow’s Testament of Accepting Fate As seen throughout Sherman Alexie’s work, despair and hardship caused by European influences among Native peoples is a common issue that seems to be a reoccurring element in his work. Through the use of figurative language, Alexie is able to transcribe those issues onto paper by using metaphors and illusions to describe emotions conveyed by the Native peoples. Sherman Alexie is a Native American writer that is influenced by his experiences while growing up onRead MoreAlcoholism: An Enemy of the Abandon Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pageslives. For instance, Sherman Alexie, a Native American writer, experiences many sorrows from alcohol. He writes about the sufferings he experienced in his fiction novel, â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian† and talks about the struggle in his interviews. In addition to Alexie’s stories, Diane Sawyer, a reporter, investigates a Native American tribe and discovers that alcohol abuse is common in the reservation. Alco holism is portray as an enemy to Native Americans; however, alcohol becomesRead MoreSummary Of The Joy Of Reading And Writing By Sherman Alexie957 Words   |  4 PagesProsperity: For A Native American Sherman Alexie the author of the essay The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me was born and raised on a Spokane Indian Reservation. Growing up his family did not have a lot of money, yet today Alexie is known as one of the most prominent Native American writers. Alexie reminisces on his childhood when he first taught himself how to read. In the essay The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me Sherman Alexie suggests, that for Native Americans reading isRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight Heaven 1598 Words   |  7 Pagesfiction, or anything related to such topics. Consequently, most books read in popular culture have a lesson; novels are a form of education. An example of this has been shown through Sherman Alexie’s Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. In this novel, he attempts to shed light on the struggles Native American people, specifically on the Spokane Reservation, withstand through multiple stories and perspecti ves. Some novels, if their perspective of truth has not been taken into account, stillRead MoreOmniscient Point of View in â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona2086 Words   |  9 PagesMeans to Say Phoenix, Arizona† The story â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† by Sherman Alexie is a fictional narrative that reflects his experiences during his past and present life. The author allows the audience to become the social media that critiques his life when he evokes important episodes of his life through Victor and Thomas Builds-the-Fire liveliness. In this process, Sherman Alexis uses his omniscient point of view to tell his readers about the actions of his character;Read MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight Heaven 1534 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical fiction, or anything related to such topics. However, most books read in popular culture have a lesson; novels are a form of education. An example of this can be shown through Sherman Alexie’s Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. In this novel, he attempts to shed light of the struggles Native American people, specifically on the Spokane Reservation, withstand through multiple st ories and perspectives. Some novels, if their perspective of truth is not taken into account, still affectRead MoreThe Most Wonderful Books : Writers On Discovering The Pleasures Of Reading1153 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Superman and Me† by Sherman Alexie first appeared in â€Å"The Most Wonderful Books: Writers on Discovering the pleasures of Reading.† Sherman Alexie is a well-known Native American writer that publishes short stories, novels, and poetry. Out of the three narratives, I found myself connect with this story more than the others. Alexie tells us about his childhood as an Indian boy that grew up on the Reservation. His father was a big reader so as a kid he’s always had an interest in books and eventually

Act 3 Scene 5 Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Example For Students

Act 3 Scene 5 Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay This essay is going to explore the dramatic structure of Act 3 Scene 5 in the Shakespearian play Romeo and Juliet. I will look at the characters actions and see how they influence what happens in this scene. An example of one of these actions that influence the play would be that Juliet turned down Pariss marriage proposal because she already wife to Romeo. I will also be exploring other aspects, such as history, cultural and social contexts, and how these affect the characters behaviour throughout the play. This scene is central to the play, having been influenced by the scenes leading up to it, and helps lead up to the tragic ending that befalls the play. It begins with the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, waking up together after their wedding night, or have they slept? Juliet tries to deny the fact that morning has come and Romeo has to leave with lines such as Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 1) and Yond light is not daylight, I know it, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 12). She soon changes her mind, however, when Romeo mentions Let me be tane, let me be put to death, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 17), after which, Juliet cant seem to get him out of the bedroom fast enough. Then, as if to clarify the fact Romeo has to leave, the nurse comes in and gives them the news Your Lady mother is coming to your chamber, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 39). When Romeo has climbed down off of the balcony and is looking up, Juliet begins to fret she will never see her love again, and asks things such as O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? (Act 3 Scene 5 Lines 51). In their exchange of romance, they bring to the surface a feel of doom with talk of the grave, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 56), and light and dark imagery, Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 57). After Romeo has departed, Juliets mother, Lady Capulet, enters Juliets room with Ho daughter, are you up? (Act 3 Scene 5 Lines 62). Soon enough Juliet and are caught up in a conversation of ambiguity, with Juliet saying one thing and letting her mother take it the way she wishes, instead of what Juliet actually means, leading to a lack of understanding and proper communication. Because of this, Juliets mother comes to believe Juliet is grieving for Tybalt, when she is actually upset because of Romeo. Some examples are when Juliet says things like Yet, let me weep for such a feeling loss, which Lady Capulet believes means she feels a loss for Tybalt, but Juliet means How can I help but weep when my husband has just left? and Madam, if you find a man to bear poison I would temper it, that Romeo should upon receipt there of soon sleep in quiet, which leads to Lady Capulet thinking Juliet would feed Romeo poison if she could, but Juliet really means I would water the poison down so it couldnt hurt my Romeo. These ambiguities has a large impact on the both the scene and the play. The audience would know what Juliet means, and know how Lady Capulet has taken it in the wrong way. They would probably be thinking Wait! Juliet is not mourning for Tybalt! This gives the audience a greater understanding, and pulls them into the play more than it would have without the ambiguities and dramatic irony. After this, Lord Capulet enters into the bedroom, expecting to be greatly thanked for his effort in getting someone for Juliet to marry. He, along with his wife, believes Juliet is grieving for the loss of Tybalt, and compares her to a ship on a sea of tears, which is just one of many metaphors involved in the play. When he finds Juliet is not receptive of his gift of a husband, he flies into a rage, and uses lines such as Out you green-sickness carrion, out you baggage, (Act 3 Scene 5 line 156) to describe her, and tell her what to do if she didnt accept the marriage offer. This is how many of the fathers in his day and age would have reacted in his position, as you could say he almost owned Juliet, so her defying him would not have put him in the best of moods. .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .postImageUrl , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:hover , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:visited , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:active { border:0!important; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:active , .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9daae0492357d1ad690828150075d11d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: GCSE Media Coursework EssayHis daughter was classed as nothing on her own, and so he had to find some man to take her who was worthy to do just that. During his outburst, his wife stands by him, because she has no choice, as she is almost a possession herself, but thinks he goes to far with his insults, and tries to tell him You are to hot, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 176). Its not just Lady Capulet who tries to calm him, the nurse also puts in an effort with God in heaven bless her. You are to blame my lord to rate her so, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line168-169). During this moment of fury from her father, Juliet would go through a lot of trouble, because she would be wanting to tell her father why she cannot marry the one she has chosen, but cannot. The audience would also be feeling sympathy for Juliet, because her father is threatening to throw her out if she does not marry the person he wants her to. They would also know why she cannot marry Paris, and feel for Juliet as she already has a husband, and she loves him. If she has told Lord Capulet, what might he have done? Would he have gone as far as having her killed? Shakespeare could not let Juliet die at that point, as he had based the whole story on a well-known poem, and it might well have ruined the tension he has built up to this point. Lady Capulet tells her daughter Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee, (Act 3 Scene 5 Line 203-204). This would have felt like a knife in the back for Juliet. The audience wouldve felt sorry for Juliet, but also known what position Lady Capulet was in. Juliet had also gone and married someone without her parents consent, so maybe she deserved the position she was in now. Nowadays, the audience wouldnt know how Lady Capulet is, with equal rights and all that, so they dont have to rely on men to keep them afloat, they would just be thinking how can her own mother do that to her? This play is a tension-building masterpiece, which has been derived from an older poem to form what is now one of Shakespeares most famous pieces of work. The characters are detailed, and have their weaknesses and strengths, which all played a part to the storyline and made it a realistic drama for a Shakespearean audience. Shakespeares use of language, characters and setting all help to build tension and draw the audience into the play even more, making it very popular even today. All of the characters, whether they are main or just someone with one line, all have a part to play in the tension building, dramatic effect and end tragedy. His language use is superb, even if it is difficult to understand nowadays, and makes it a brilliant play to watch. The reading of it is not the best, because it is not meant to be read, but is meant for a stage with cast and such. The sympathy for the love of Romeo and Juliet is built up with the tension, until, at the end, it creates an eye watering piece of work.

Bolshevik Consolidation of Power 19-17-1924 free essay sample

The victory in the Civil War was extremely pivotal for the Bolshevik consolidation of power as it brought control and power but more importantly it eliminated the possibility of Bolshevik collapse in Russia. The Civil war was the most essential and crucial aspect for the Bolshevik consolidation of power as it potentially provided major control over most of Russian territories in victory but also the ability to eradicate the Bolshevik government from Russia in defeat. The Civil war lasted three years from 1918-1921. It divided Russia up into factions each fighting for survival or for their own agenda. The Bolsheviks were confronted with a number of enemies externally and internally as well. Opposition to the Bolsheviks included political groups (mainly Social Revolutionaries), monarchists, liberals, Czech legions and Allied intervention force who were collectively known as the whites. The Bolshevik known as the reds were faced with absolute danger as they were surrounded and outnumbered by the whites. The whites initially had an army size of approximately 2. 4 million with an extra 250,000 Allied forces whereas the newly created red army had only 300,000. The Bolsheviks won the war which ultimately granted them absolute power and control in most Russian territories as there was no longer opposition left to challenge their authority. Although the victory brought power and control it had a devastating effect on Russia. E Goldman states that Russia was like a graveyard country and that desertions in the army were common. The Civil war was devastating for Russia economically and socially, the Bolsheviks consolidated their power and there was no more military threat from their opposition. The Civil war was vital to the consolidation of power however it was only possible through the execution of War communism. War communism was an economic policy the Bolsheviks had created to meet the demands of war from 1918-1921. It forced manpower to either be directed to the Red Army or to the industry. It also confiscated all grain and food and allocated it to where it would be most productivity towards the war effort. The implementation of War Communism enabled the Red Army to be supplied with both food and weaponry and industrial workers to be fed. This was effective in allowing the Bolsheviks to maintain and effectively fight the civil war without the lack raw materials. David Christian believes that War Communism was essential as it ‘supplied towns and armies with enough food and supplies to keep providing war material to keep fighting’. Although War communism was effective towards the war effort it also significantly damaged the economy. The economy of Russia was shattered, there was a food shortage, fuel shortage and money had absolutely no value. The rouble was only worth 1% of its value in 1918, 10million died of starvation and agricultural output was 60% of pre war levels. War Communism enabled the logistics of war to be met which enabled the victory however it was extremely devastating on the economy and the Russian people. The implementation of War Communism could only be accomplished with the generation of Red Terror. The Cheka formed in 1917 was responsible for the role of inflicting carnage and intimidation into the minds of those who opposed the Bolsheviks. Their prolonged campaign of coercion was used to eliminate opposition but more importantly to allow the process of War Communism to take place efficiently without disruptions. This was vital as it made way for raw materials to be acquired for the war effort. Dzerzhinsky (head of CHEKA) states that it was necessary to make the foe feel as if everything done wrongly against the Soviet government will not go unpunished. The brutality of the CHEKA can be seen clearly in the deaths of almost 250,000 Russians during the civil war period. Pipes bluntly regards the ruthlessness as ‘a measure designed to destroy any thoughts and resistance to a dictatorship’. The Red Terror campaign was crucial to War communism as it provided the necessary force to meet the raw material demands of the Civil war although it was violent and relentless in destroying what it thought to be the opposition. Before the Civil was initiated, the Bolsheviks had to satisfy and meet the demands of the people through the Land Decree, Peace Decree, Workers Control Decree and providing an answer to the food shortages. The slogan used by the Bolsheviks in particular Lenin was ‘Bread, Peace and land! ’. These promises then had to be fulfilled in order to win over the people. Peasants at the time had already taken land into their own hands and the land Decree was only a formality signalling the approval of their actions. The Workers Control Decree was implemented to give workers (the Bolsheviks main supporters’ the impression that indeed the Bolsheviks were representing the proletariat. These reforms allowed the Bolsheviks to illustrate to the people that they were a legitimate and a genuine government working for the people and thus giving them control and stability. Adam Ulam states that the initial reforms did not make Civil War imminent as it pleased the people. The initial reforms however were unpopular with socialist political groups but also brought chaos to industries as well as rural areas. The implementation of these reforms could only satisfy the people for a short period and therefore did not sustain the power and stability for the Bolsheviks. In addition, the Treaty of Brest Litovsk was a direct result of Lenin’s promise in the peace decree. The treaty of Brest Litovsk signed on march 3rd 1918 was an non aggressive agreement between Russia and Germany which enabled Russia to leave World War I. The treaty eliminated the external threat of Germany who had made attempts to invade all the way to Petrograd. Russia was safe from the direct threat of the Germans however the price they had to pay to sign the treaty was tremendously harsh. Russia lost 33% of its agricultural land, 45million its population (30%), 54% of its industrial base and 3 billion roubles in compensation. The harsh nature of the Treaty meant that although the Bolsheviks were relieved of immediate danger they would come under heavy opposition. The treaty of Brest-Litovsk became the catalyst for the civil war as it provoked the socialist Revolutionaries to abandon the Bolsheviks. Leonard Schapiro supports this by stating that the treaty of Brest Litovsk ultimately cause the civil war by breaking the trust between the left Social Revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks. Overall the treaty of Brest Litovsk was important for the Bolsheviks as it provided peace for the people and gained trust and support from them, however it brought the imminent Civil war that was going to be waged against the Bolsheviks. Finally, the NEP was also another political reform which the Bolsheviks implemented to consolidate their power after the civil war had destroyed the economy and created unrest in the people. The Kronstadt revolt had taken place a couple of weeks earlier and as result Lenin had to propose the NEP as measures that would fix the economy and satisfy the people. The Kronstadt Revolt was a rebellion by the Bolsheviks most loyal sailors due to their disapproval of the actions of the Bolsheviks. Trotsky and his red Army of 60,000 annihilated the revolt killing up to 15,000 men. The willingness to kill their own supporters shows the absolutely control the civil war had brought to the Bolsheviks. The NEP itself was introduced in 1921 and brought an end to War Communism. The NEP provided a fix to the economy as well as satisfaction the peasants by allowing them to keep some of their grain after tax. The NEP was successful in rebuilding the economy, by 1924 grain harvest had doubled and the wage of industrial workers rose by 150%. Ronald Segal states that the NEP was extremely successful as in provided consumer with goods and encouraged private trade. The NEP was successful in rebuilding the economy and satisfying the people, however it was condemn by others who thought that it was not socialist principles. The NEP was very important to Bolshevik consolidation of power however it would not have taken place at all if the Bolsheviks had not won the civil war. In the period of 1917-1924 Russia was faced with numerous crises internally and externally. War Communism, Red Terror, the NEP, Initial reforms and the treaty of Brest-Litovsk were all measures that the Bolsheviks undertook to solve their crises and consolidate their power. The Civil War however was the most prominent and extremely significant towards the Bolshevik consolidation of power as it posed the greatest danger to the regime but also brought the most power to the Bolshevik in that time period.

Protein Synthesis Essays - Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology

Protein Synthesis The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy. The cell can break down the starch with little difficulty as if each molecule was identical, even though there is a wide variety of molecules. This is a different case in Protein Synthesis. In Protein Synthesis, there are twenty different amino acids and if one is out of place than is will effect the specificity of the protein. In a healthy person, the protein hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is helps with the transfer of respiratory gases from the blood to the tissues of the body. With an illness called sickle-cell anemia, the red blood cells are changed from a round, disk shape to a floppy looking sickle shape. These cells therefore cannot pass through small blood vessels due to their divergent shape. The actual cause of this mutation is a gene disorder, where the sixth codon of the protein glutamaric acid is changed with valine. This small change in the genetic code can cause severe defects in the effected such as blood clots, severe disorders and even death. All this can result from a misinterpretation in one codon in a chain of hundreds! Protein synthesis acts in this way, that is if there is only the most minuscule mistake it can have monstrous effects. THE BASICS OF DNA AND GENES Protein synthesis first begins in a gene. A gene is a section of chromosome compound of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. Each DNA strand is composed of phosphate, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases or nucleotides. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA. They are (A)denine, (G)uanine, (T)hymine, (C)ytosine and they must be paired very specifically. Only Adenine with Thymine (A-T) and Guanine with Cytosine (G-C). To form a polynucleotide DNA, many nucleotides are linked together with 3`-5` phosphodiester linkages. In a complete molecule of DNA two of these polynucleotide strands are linked together by nitrogenous bases at 90 degrees to the sugar-phosphate "spine" (FIG. 1). The nitrogenous bases are held together with weak hydrogen bonds. One polynitrogenous chain runs in a 3'-5' direction, the 3' being the top hydroxyl and the 5' being the bottom phosphate attached to the carbon five of the sugar. The other string runs the opposite. The two strands of the structure cannot be identical but they are complimentary. There is no restrictions on the placement and sequence of the nucleotides, which becomes important in storage of information. TRANSCRIPTION: The Synthesis of RNA Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA must remain in the nucleus, a way of transporting the code is essential. This comes in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid or m-RNA. Since the information on the DNA must stay the same on the m-RNA, the two have to be very similar. There are three major differences between RNA and DNA. RNA is only a single strand. The five carbon sugar of RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose and in RNA the pyrimidine uracil (U) replaces DNA's pyrimidine thymine (T). Since RNA is produced from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as the nucleotides of DNA because the code for amino acids is centered around the RNA structure. The process in which m-RNA is synthesized is called transcription. This process is similar to DNA replication in the way that for transcription to occur, the double helix DNA must be unwound as in DNA replication (FIG 2). The major difference between transcription and replication is that in transcription only one of the strands is used as a template and only one m-RNA strand is produced. Transcription can be broken up into three parts in order to be understood. These steps are: i)initiation, ii)elongation and iii)termination. Initiation of transcription is how the transcription begins. The enzyme responsible for m-RNA synthesis is called RNA polymerase 2. The RNA polymerase knows where to begin transcription because it is coded into the DNA. Elongation of transcription represents how the process happens. This occurs the same way as DNA replication, with the

Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small Business

Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small Business Free Online Research Papers My partner and I have made the decision to open our very own partnership business. We have been working for S J Home Repairs for the past fifteen years. We have studied all aspects of the business together; bring S J Home Repairs to a well established and reputable business for the owner. One day we went to the boss with a suggestion of us becoming partners in the company, because we were the ones actually running our offer down. By this time Jack and I decided we can do these ourselves. One afternoon we sat down and worked out all the financial decisions and exactly what we both needed to bring to the table to get this done. Finally it hit us that, we are going to be our own bosses and there is no more set time, we have to motivate and organize everything ourselves. One of the decisions we made is to hirer three managers and twenty additional employees. The manager for the Queens region will get 6 employees to work with him, the manager for the Bronx will get 7 employees and Brooklyn the next 7 employees. Being good managers is the first step to achieving success in your business. â€Å"Today’s managers must be self-aware, observant, and understanding.† (AllBusiness.com). It is important to give praise to your star employees, not because they are good at what their do, doesn’t mean they do not want to hear their boss say, â€Å"good job† or â€Å"well done.† Another good way is to let them know exactly what the company’s goals are and think about other strategies that will include them. However, in business there is always that risk of failure, so you will want to devise a plan that will help avoid the four main failure mechanisms of small business which are: Managerial incompetence or inexperience Neglect Weak control systems Insufficient capital In order to avoid managerial incompetence or inexperience, business owners must find different ways to develop their management skills, don’t depend only on common sense. Being competent in this phase of the business is extremely important for the foundation of the business. These skills allow you to make better decisions on, dealing with emergencies, recruiting, purchasing, book keeping, marketing, training, planning etc. To avoid failure business owners need to identify the things that is needed to be accomplished, their need to ensure that they organize their resources; they need to pay close attention to the performance and the task completion (need to be will informed). Business owners also need to look ahead and make plans for any future requirements and try dealing with any problems that may arise. Avoiding neglect, business owners need to set aside devoted time for their business in order to succeed, especially in the starting up stages of the business. They need to pay attention to every detail of the business and its workers. Show your managers and employees that you are totally involved in the running of you business and that you need to be informed on any matter that relates to the business. Having a weak control system is also damaging to a business. Business owners need to an open communication between their employees and focus on growing the company profits before offering credit possibilities to it customers. Starting a business with the right amount of capital can also lead to a successful business. First you need to ensure that you have at least one year’s capital because most new business start seeing profits after the first 6 months of business. So for the business to succeed and start profiting business owners must try to avoid the things that can lead to failures for the business. Reference: AllBusiness.com 2007. (Home page). Become a Better Manager. Retrieved. September 7, 2007, from allbusiness.com/human-resources/workforce-management/1002-1.html Sherlock, Joseph, M., Score Vancouver Chapter. How Not to Fail. Retrieved. September 7, 2007, from scorevancouver.org/business-tip4.html Ebert, Ronald J., Griffin, Ricky, W., 6th ed (2007). Business essentials. Pearson Prentice Hall Research Papers on Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small BusinessThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized Testing

Benefits Of Tennis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits Of Tennis - Essay Example Therefore, one should learn a particular ability when playing tennis to improve his or her life. It begins by discovering the fundamental techniques and skills applied in the game and how interested played can become professional. The forehand stroke ability, for instance, involves using either the right or the left hand in ball control coming from the opponent during the game. This ensures that a player is not outwitted when controlling the body and it is common for tennis matches. As a result, Malcolm Gladwell in his article The Physical Genius observes that most tennis players possess that innate brilliance that is only manifested through their hands when they play. Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ab ility in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur into a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals.... Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ability in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur to a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals. A boost in the muscle flexibility, strength and even tone is another reason to play tennis. Overall, this will result to better health while increasing oneâ₠¬â„¢s bone density and even reaction times (Roetert & Ellenbecker 123). It will also augment the metabolic function especially when one a person is continuously playing with other others such as three times a week is motivated to embrace failure as chance to try again. Playing tennis means a lot to those who cherish the sport. Such persons, for example, want to teach others the rules and regulations of the game. People also establish new acquaintances who become friends and this often nurtures communal love. It also sharpens social skills in our daily life because it becomes easier to chat up total strangers when is in need of urgent help. Likewise, it backs Gladwell’s assertion that most good players understand the direction of the ball

Carmax System in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carmax System in China - Essay Example The company expects to open five new stores in 2012 in the U.S market, with a total of 103 used car stores across U.S by the end of 2011, making CarMax the largest used car company in the U.S. The online market is the most active market, with more than 75% of used car customers in the country visiting the company’s websites, or buying their cars online (CarMax, 2011). The company has an integrated RFID system that tracks vehicles as an inventory management system; the system tracks vehicles throughout the purchase life; from the purchase, to reconditioning, test drives to the final sale (CarMax, 2011). The use of the Radio Frequency Identification ensures that all vehicles in the company are scanned accordingly, tracked to prevent any possible theft or losses in the process. The use of RFID makes each vehicle to be linked to sales consultant, and aids in tracking the market pricing in wholesale of vehicles. The use of the RFID technology is critical in ensuring the management has the required real time information concerning storage and transportation, inventory, pricing, vehicle transfers, auctions, productivity, credit process, information among other processes (CarMax, 2011). In addition to the above inventory management, the Electronic Repair Order System (ERO) is strategically used in reconditioning processes, and procedures in the company. The technology enhances quality, while reducing costs, which are then transferred to the customer as enhanced services and profitability (CarMax, 2011). The above information technology in inventory tracking, and in managing the repair works ensure that the company has a competitive advantage over other second hand car dealers in U.S. CarMax in United States market is highly developed with leading technologies in inventory and repair process. This is due to the high volume of cars handed by the company annually, with large auction stores; about 103 stores across the U.S. CarMax Co. Ltd is a car accessory distribu tor for Hotai Motor Co. Ltd, a Taiwan based distributor of Japanese car maker, Toyota (CNA, 2011). The company started its operations in China in March 2011, by initiating two branches dealing with used cars, and car systems. According to Hotai, used car market in china is still at its infancy as at 2011, but with a great growth potential expected. In China, the total car sales are about 20 million units, compared to the 300,000 units sold annually in Taiwan (CNA, 2011). Currently, the high sales volume of used cars in China portrays a rapid increase in the used cars market that will certainly surpass the purchase of new cars in the near future. A Study report conducted by Arthur D. Little, a world renown management consulting firm, indicates the annual sales volume of used cars in China will surpass the sales of new cars, by the year 2020 (Tong, 2011). The compound annual growth of used cars in China between 2006 and 2012 was about 25%, and predicted to grow at much higher rates in the future. However, the Chinese used car market is on the budding stage, with more Chinese realizing a fertile market in used cars, boosted by increasing business in rental cars. The standard of used cars will mature with time, and the ratio of used cars to new cars expected to be more than 1 in the near future (Tong, 2011). Therefore, CarMax looks forward for a booming business in used car market in China in the near future. The improving used car market has led CarMax to open two new branches in China; in preparation for the expected high demand of used cars in future. China has become the world leading market for RFID by value. For example, in 2008 the East Asia countries bought an equivalent of about $2.8 billion of the $5.29 worth of RFID spent globally. China alone spent $1.96 billion to

The dividend discount models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The dividend discount models - Essay Example This model calculates the value of common stock as follows. V0 = At 5%, 6% and 4% successive dividend growth rates from first year to third year, and D0 given, we can estimate D1, D2, and D3; and given g we can estimate the value of stock (V0) as per the equation. The Dividend Discount Models are not very accurate mainly because of the difficulty of estimating a rate of growth of dividends, and unpredictability of stock markets, which may overbid or underbid prices of stocks. 2.2 The FCFF Model This model calculates the present value of all future free cash flows minus the market value of outstanding debt and preferred stock.Value of Operations = Value of Equity = Value of Operations - Value of Debt Value per Share = Value of Equity / Total Common Stock Outstanding 2.3 Multiples Approach Analysts many times use price multiples to value stocks. These multiples may be Price/Earning, Price/ Cash Flow, Price/Revenue, Price/ Book, Price/ Sales, Price/ Earnings Growth (PEG). ( Using Ratios and Multiples, n.d.) The most popular P/E Ratio is shown below: P/E = (Stock Price/ EPS) EPS = Earnings per share Higher P/E ratio denotes better growth prospects and vice versa. The drawback of this method is that it becomes meaningful only with context. The context may be skewed. Reported earnings may sometimes be inflated or depressed. Firms that go through turbulent business cycles require more investigation. Other shortcomings of multiples method is that comparable firms are hard to find within an industry or industries. 2.4 Yield Based Valuation Models These models include the Cash Return method (Cash Return = Free Cash Flow + Net Interest... Common Stocks represent an ownership position in a firm. This position entitles the holder to several privileges. An important part of value investing is valuation of common stock. There are several methods of common stock valuation, some of which we discuss in this paper.The Dividend Discount Models mainly predict the dividends, and net present value of a common stock. According to this method, the value of a dividend is the sum of all future dividends. Three types of discount models predict future dividends or value of a stock as outlined below. There are several methods, of common stock valuation, available to investors or analysts. Some of the methods outlined above are more popular ones. These methods present a more or less accurate estimate of the value of a common stock. Gordon Growth Model: This model works best for firms which show stable growth rates (not higher than that of the economy in the long term); which pay out large dividends; and which have a stable leverage. For other firms it is not very reliable.Variable Growth model: This model is most reliable for firms with unstable but moderating growth rates, and which pay dividends that equal FCFE or where FCFE are difficult to estimate. Advantages: 1. The sales numbers are more or less exact and not subject to manipulation or assumption. 2. Sales are not volatile as earnings may be. 3. Sales is a much more stable benchmark.

Child And Young Person Development

Child And Young Person Development Physical development is usually very rapid early on in the childs development. Within weeks of being born a baby will start to smile and respond to sounds and environments around them. By 6 months as their muscles begin to develop they will reach for and hold objects which they will also put into their mouths. By one year old they are beginning to crawl or shuffle, pulling or pushing on furniture to stand and then explore using furniture or adults for support. Sitting has progressed to unaided and they are rolling from their front to their back. They are beginning to be curious with objects, passing them between hands, handling them in different ways and looking for things that are hiding. Their hand to eye co-ordination improves as items are passed from hand to hand. Their first teeth may start to appear and solid foods may start to be introduced. Between one and two years walking will begin and toys will start to be pulled/pushed along whilst walking. Objects will be picked up and banged together or built to make a small tower. A preference for one hand may start to appear as they begin to hold crayons etc when mark making on paper. They enjoy trying to feed themselves both with finger foods and with a spoon, and will drink from a cup with both hands. Waving goodbye becomes fun, they will begin to point to what they want and shake their head to mean no. Between the ages of 2 and 3 mark making on paper will progress to scribbles as they begin to use pencils etc. Balls start to be kicked and thrown. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before, and they will start to experiment with liquids in play by pouring. At 3 years children begin to gain more independence. Their mobility and climbing skills will be advancing as they run, jump, catch, walk up and down stairs etc. Dexterity increases with small objects like puzzles, threading beads etc. Dressing and undressing will be assisted but more cooperative. At 4 years boys gross motor skills tend to be more developed when it comes to throwing and aiming, building, climbing, pedalling etc, whereas girls fine motor skills tend to be more developed with the use of scissors, holding a pencil to draw and colour threading small beads sewing stitches etc. At 5 years children will have more pencil control and will begin to copy letters and shapes, and draw people. Ball games will develop more structure as they begin to kick with aim. They will begin to learn to hop on one foot, then the other and also to skip. At 6 years dressing becomes independent at they learn to do buttons, laces etc. Writing becomes more fluent as copying letter shapes has progressed to words and sentences with greater pencil control. Confidence has increased when playing outside in climbing, jumping from heights and riding a bike. At 7 years children begin to enjoy playing team games as they are now hitting a ball, running, jumping, skipping, swinging. However until around the age of 9 they may misjudge their ability. The age between 12 and 19, between childhood and adulthood is referred to as adolescence. Physical development during this period is very different in each child. As some may be just beginning to mature physically, others may have already reached full physical maturity. Sequence is the order that development happens in. Rate is the speed that it happens for example: sequence = a babys physical development may begin with rolling over then sit up, crawl, walk, run. Another may sit up, walk, run missing out rolling over crawling. Even though elements are missed the development still proceeds in whats viewed as an expected pattern. rate = where one baby may achieve walking unaided at 10 months another may accomplish it at 12 months another at 16 months. This is important because sequence is needed in order to plan effectively for children, looking at rate of development is also essential to help us to know weather a childs rate of development is at the correct stage for their age group. Task 2 There is a range of external and personal factors that influence the development in children and young peoples lifes: Personal factors such as, health and disability. Health is determined by our genes , diet, environment and stress. Some children may be born with a condition that will automatically effect their lifes, such as a blood disorder. Disability can also effect a childs development, for example if a child has a hearing impairment they may not be able to learn properly in school unless they have help from an adult. External factors can also influence a childs development such as, poverty and diet. Poverty affects children and their families in many different ways. Families living in poverty may not be able to afford good food which leads to poor diet. Having a poor diet can affect a childs growth, behaviour and development. Current practice is influenced by theories of development, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cognitive (e.g. Piaget) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Psychoanalytic (e.g Freud) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Humanist (e.g. Maslow) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Learning (e.g.Bandura) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operant conditioning (e.g. Skinner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Behaviourist (e.g. Watson) Cognitive Vygotsky like piaget posited children learn from hand on experiences. However unlike piaget he claimed that timely and sensitive invention by adults when children are learning a new task (zone of proximal development) could help children to learn new tasks. Vygotsky also stressed the importance of social interaction he felt other children can guide each others development as well as adults. Vygotsky also thought that children needed to be active in their own learning and that play is important for holistic learning. Humanist Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs need to be met for a child to reach full potential take anything away from that and child might never reach their potential. This is taken into account daily with the child centred care and holistic approach to child care and well being. Practitioners need to look at the environmental factors such as warmth, food clothes as well as the psychological needs like promoting self esteem, and love. Behaviourist Bandura Showed that children learnt through copying and observing, this can be applied today as if an early years worker with demonstrates an activity the child can learn to do it through copying. Or if a child has a good role model then they are likely to copy the behaviour. But if they see bad behaviour then they will copy the bad behaviour. Behaviourist Skinner Skinners operant conditioning negative and positive reinforcement, this theory can be applied though stickers praise and reward for good behaviour and through disapproval, time out and ignoring unwanted behaviour. Psychoanalytical Freud Freuds work may not be proven but Freuds work with unconscious actions and peoples mind skills are still used like when a child tells a lie they smile or put their hand over their mouths as if to stop the lie. John Bowlby Worked on attachment theories which are used in the day to day practice in education and social care at all stages they are given key workers who they build strong attachments to this helps children make transitions in their lives and to be able to make lasting friendships. Frameworks support development including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social pedagogy Social pedagogy Is a practice concerned with human beings learning, well being and inclusion to society treating children in a child centred way and a holistic way making sure that every childs needs are met especially those who are in need. Task 3 There are many ways to monitor children and young peoples development, for example: Observation: Observations can be taken during lessons or in the playground. They record what the child is doing in a subjective way. Its most appropriate to use this method when childs development is causing concern. Assessment framework: It is the way in which child is assessed to decide whether they have any particular needs and what these needs may be. It is useful in deciding whether the child is reaching expected milestones of development in different areas. The assessment framework is how children are assessed in school, for example when a child reads; we write it in their reading records. Information from colleagues and carers: Parents/carers who know the child and colleagues expertise are invaluable, especially when planning for social and academic success for pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities. If we are concerned about childs development its good to ask/share information. Disability can affect several areas of development at the same time but early support might help minimise the effects of the disability. Emotional reasons, if a child is not settled and having good attachments they are more likely to have low confidence and self esteem they might not try new tasks and have a lack of motivation. Physical development might be effected by genetics this can mean physical growth difficulties or may be the child might be a slower learner. Environmental, there are many reasons that can effect child development like poverty, where a child lives, education and their family structure can effect a childs development. Culturally how people bring up their children can differ vastly like in china a girl is deemed second class to a boy. Other cultures have restrictions on childrens freedoms this can adversely affect the childs development. Social reasons are that for children born into poverty and families whose parents are separated are likely to have negative effects of childrens development or if a family might give less time to activities which aid childrens developments like a lack of play this can also effect child development. Learning difficulties children might have these due to genetic diseases, birth difficulties, and cognitive difficulties or might just have difficulties with writing or reading. Communication may be affected by medical reasons such as hearing impairment or being tongue tied. These can cause communication problems, children who have communication needs find it hard to express themselves and can show aggressive behaviour when frustrated. Children who experience communication needs might have problems with reading and writing. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the childs needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a childs development . A psychiatrist is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Task 4 All young Childrens brains are still developing as they grow. Early identification can change the impact of any difficulty if support is provided early enough. Finding ways for children to communicate is vital for their emotional well-being as some children who have language and communication difficulties can become isolated or may develop antisocial behaviours. once parents and carers have identified that a child needs additional support, a multi-agency approach may be used. If the parent/carer goes to see their health visitor or gp they will then help to make an appropriate referral, this may just be to help rule out hearing or visual impairments. In some cases the gp might refer the child directly to a speech and language service. Some children may need to be assessed by an educational psychologist. Once it is established what kind of support a child needs the right approach can then be carried out in order for parents and the setting to work together. Children learn their language and communication skills by being around adults and other children especially whilst they are having fun. When children are playing and doing activities that interest them they are usually used to help support their development, language and speech because theyre being motivated; for example singing a nursery rhyme with children this will encourage speech movements and will be more engaging for the child instead of just having to repeat the movements in isolation. Task 5 There are different types of transitions that can affect children and young people such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emotional personal experiences such as parents separating, bereavement, begining or leaveing a place of care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physical change in environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual moving from one educational establishment to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physiological puberty or medical conditions An example of a transition that could affect a child could be starting a before or afterschool club, this could affect a child because they may not know any other children at the setting and also may not know any of the staff, there for it could lead to the child being anxious and scared about meeting new people. A way to resolve this is to make sure the child is entering a friendly environment and be sure to introduce them to the other children and adults so that they feel more comfortable in the setting and also maybe ask another child to show them around and be their buddy to help them settle in. Also the child may be given a key person to help form a positive relationship with. The idea behind a key person is so that a child has that one person who they should feel they can go to and feel secure within their company. The key person should have a warm relationship with the child and be able to reassure them should they need to, also the key person will monitor the childs reactions in their new situation as this can provide a warning in some cases where this transition is not temporary.

Newspapers -- essays research papers

The front page of a newspaper provides a great deal of information on various subjects. Most newspapers include a weather forecast, an index or brief description of articles inside the paper, and a small sports scorecard to accompany the local and national news. Newspapers also concentrate on how to grab the attention of readers. They most commonly use a larger, darker type of print, mixture of color, and/or pictures on the front page of the paper. A newspaper’s job is to update people on the happenings around the world as well as in their own community. Community size often may influence or even dictate the findings on the front page of a newspaper. Normally the front page of a newspaper lets a person in on the findings throughout the remaining sections of the paper. A small index, or article description containing page numbers, usually shows a reader what the rest of paper contains. Accompanying this index, usually a forecast of the weather to come in the next few days manages to make it on the front page also. Some papers actually save the die-hard sports fans some time by having a miniature scoreboard recapping the scores of the day before. Remember that this doesn’t apply to all papers only to some. Newspapers constantly look for more readers and to help attract these readers many attempt to dress up their paper. While some papers remain basic and plain, others add color and size to font in a try to appeal to readers. Background color adds a little life to an otherwis...

Christmas Carol and household words Essay

What view of his own society does dickens show in a Christmas Carol and Household words? In 1845 Dickens wrote a Christmas Carol and Household word in 1856. He wrote them to demonstrate the conditions in which the poor had to have to live with in the Victorian age. Dickens wrote household words to show the well off people what the conditions were really like. He wrote Christmas Carol to entertain but also to show that things could get better. He shows many aspects of his own society in both texts The conditions for the poor were very hard and cruel. The rest of society did not treat them very well and they were ordered about. There was no care for the ill and slightly poor. Only the people that were destitute were given help and a place to stay for the night. In the morning they were given a piece of bread to last for the day. There was not that many that would get in. The destitute were forced to live in the gutters of the streets. â€Å"And if they get in, they would only have a roof for the night and a bit of bread in the morning,† this is a quote from household words spoken by a working class man that Dickens was talking to. The destitute people were the ones who had nothing of their own to live on. There were laws that stated that help must be given to these people. The more well off people were not that charitable towards these laws as shown in Christmas Carol when Scrooge told the two people who were collecting for charity to go away and to leave him alone. The poor were pushed to the side by the better off people. They had no choice but to accept blasi. Which means they had to get used to the conditions that they had to live their lives around. They had no choice. The poor were really miserable and depressed because there was never much room for them to stay. The poor were treated unfairly compared to the well off people. They were not treated like equals. The well off people employed the poorer people as they were cheaper to employ and they were able to boss them around. They had power over the poor because the poor were not in any persition to argue with the well off. If they did they would have lost their job on the spot. The less unfortunate people could not help that they were placed in a poor society, they were just unlucky The well off people were not charitable because they wanted to keep the money for themselves. They did this because if any thing was to happen to them in the future they would still have enough money to live on as nobody wanted to end up in the work houses. People like Timothy Winters were not cared for because he was not considederded to be that poor as he had a roof over his head and his father had a job working for Scrooge. Timothy was disabled. The working class man that Dickens was talking to in household words was one of a few that cared about the lower class but there was nothing that he could do about it. He blamed the society for what the lower class had to put up with. â€Å"This is an awful sight sir, in a Christian country†. In this quote the man was saying that you should treat others as you want to be treated yourself by others. This quote is telling the readers that the society that Dickens lived in is a Christian society. Christians are taught to respect others. The above quote surgest that the people in London were not respecting others. If they did respect others there may not have been so many well off people ignoring the poorer ones. The wells off people were not aware what the life was like for the poor. As they were not aware of how the poor lived they did not respect them. Scrooge was stingy with his money; he tried to save all the money that he could. Scrooge took the saving of money to the extreme. He was very stingy he would not share anything with anyone. He was not happy when his worker Mr Winters (Timothy Winter’s father) asked to have half the day off as it was Christmas day. He said I be paying you a full days pay but you will only be working for half the day. Scrooge does not believe in Christmas and good will, this is why he is not happy about letting his worker go home early. He knows that the work will not get done. This was so that he had money for the future. In the Victorian age there was no such thing as insurance or welfare. This meant that if you lost your business you would lose every thing and you would have nobody to turn to. For example if you had a fire and lost all off the contents of your business you would end up with no money to live on. You would then end up living in the workhouses, which were not very pleasant places to be in. nobody wanted to end up in a workhouse. But if you had saved money over the years you would still be able to live quite a happy life. This is why the richer people never gave much to the less fortunate. Most of the society was like this. You did get a few people that wanted to share what little they had with the ones who had nothing. In Dickens times every body was only thought about themselves. They would put themselves first and other last. Dickens is demonstrating in both texts that family is important In Dickens time there was three different classes of people, the upper, the working and the lower class. In both text dickens only describes the working and the lower. He talks about how the upper class treats the lower and the working classes.

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English In English grammar, you understood is the implied subject in most imperative sentences in the language. In other words, in sentences that convey requests and commands, the subject is almost always the personal pronoun you, even though its often not expressed. Examples and Observations In the examples below,  you understood  is indicated by square brackets:  []. As soon as she was on the sidewalk Mick caught her by the arm. You go right home, Baby Wilson. [] Go on, now!(Carson McCullers, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. Houghton Mifflin, 1940)I dont care if shes a murderer! [] Leave her alone! [] Get out of here and [] leave her alone! All of you! [] Get out of here!(Bethany Wiggins, Shifting. Bloomsbury, 2011)Youre not from around here, I say.[] Leave me alone.Youre from somewhere else. From EuropeYoure disturbing me. Id appreciate it if you would stop pestering me.(Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)Mrs. Bloxby sighed. Would you please leave, Mrs. Benson, and in future, would you telephone first? I am very busy. Please [] shut the door on your way out.Well, I never!Then its time you did. Goodbye!(M.C. Beaton [Marion Chesney], As the Pig Turns. St. Martins Press, 2011) You-Understood in Transformational Grammar Imperative sentences differ from others in that they lack subject noun phrases: Be quiet!Stand up!Go to your room!Do not smoke! Traditional grammar accounts for such sentences by claiming that the subject is you understood. Transformational analysis supports this position: The evidence for you as the subject of imperative sentences involves the derivation of reflexives. In reflexive sentences, the reflexive NP must be identical with the subject NP: Bob shaved Bob.Mary dressed Mary.Bob and Mary hurt Bob and Mary. The reflexive transformation substitutes the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the repeated noun phrase: Bob shaved himself.Mary dressed herself.Bob and Mary hurt themselves. Let us look at the reflexive pronoun that appears in imperative sentences: Shave yourself!Dress yourself! Any reflexive pronoun other than yourself results in an ungrammatical sentence: *Shave himself!*Dress herself! This fact provides evidence for the existence of you as the deep structure subject of imperative sentences. You is deleted by means of the imperative transformation, which is triggered by the Imp marker. (Diane Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. University Press of America, 1984) Implied Subjects and Tag Questions Some imperatives appear to have a third person subject as in the following: Somebody, strike a light! (AUS#47:24) Even in a sentence like this one, though, there is an understood second person subject; in other words, the implied subject is somebody among you all out there. Again, this becomes clearer when we tack on a question tagsuddenly the second person subject pronoun surfaces: Somebody, strike a light, will you? (AUS#47:24) In an example like this, it is quite clear that we are not dealing with a declarative, since the verb form would then be different: somebody strikes a light. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Pragmatics: Alternatives to the Plain Imperative If we have the feeling that a direct speech act might be perceived as a face threat by the hearer, there is quite a range of implicit directives, which are indirect speech acts . . . from which we might select something appropriate and less threatening to the others face. (28a) Shut the door.(28b) Can you shut the door, please?(28c) Will you shut the door, please?(28d) Would/could you please shut the door?(28e) Lets shut the door, shall we?(28f) Theres a draught in here. . . . [I]n Anglo culture there are scripts blocking the imperative (28a) and prescribing the interrogative (28 b, c, d). Though it may be perfectly acceptable among friends, the use of the imperative in (28a) is not appropriate when the speaker and hearer do not know each other well or when the hearer is of a higher social status or has power over the speaker. The use of the imperative as in Shut the door has the strongest impact on the hearer, but it is normally not used. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2004)

Elephants of the Sea essays

Elephants of the Sea essays In the mid 1700s when the slaughter of whales began there were about 20,000 southern right whales migrating to Africas coast thats 7x as many as today. There are two eras in history when whales were hunted. One was called open-boat and the other was modern whaling. Open-boat was in the days of mody dick, these were big men in small boat with nothing but the wind to help them go after the whales. It was harder for them for not every whale that they killed they could retrieve the carcass, most of the time the carcass would sink. They would use the whales bones for such things as umbrellas. The whale oil was used in products as medicines, engine lubricants and oil lamps. Inside the whales intestines there was a smell of digested squid that was called Ambergris this smell was turned into perfume. By the 1880s ambergris was selling for $15 an ounce. In 1980 Modern whaling brought with it cannon firing, steam powered boats, and cables to hold on to the dead carcass making it easier and fas ter to kill. Once a whale was ambushed and harpoon their insides were exploded. By 1930 whalers have taken 31,000 humpbacks, 14,000 blue, 14,000 fins etc. this continue for 40 yrs. until there were barely any whales. Inshore whales were basically gone while nobody could tell how many offshore were left. Till this day counts of some species are unclear. The humpback, the most recognizable whale is increasing by 12%. They return every year to breeding grounds giving birth as often as once every 24 months. While the southern right whale is increasing at a 7% rate. The sperm whale are recovering too but the chances of seeing one still remains small. IWC (International whaling Commission) stopped whaling station worldwide in 1986. Whale watching brings in big bucks to help organization. Ships patrol the edges of South Africa where whales go to breed. ...

Perform a Detailed Task Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perform a Detailed Task Analysis - Assignment Example For example if he is going for an educational vacation he should consider a place where there is access to books, internet and any other research tools he may require. If he is going for a recreational tour he might consider factors like the weather of the place of destination, the places to be ventured into and the security of the same. He also needs to conduct an economic analysis of the places to be visited in order to select the most convenient economical destination without compromising on the vocational goals (Kirwan, 1992) After identifying the place to visit based on the vocational goals, Sam should put down all the requirements in a hierarchical manner in order to make his trip a success. The most vital points to emphasize on include money allocation/distribution, gathering important personal effects, arranging for the day and time of departure, consulting with the travel agency and making other personal arrangements such as notifying colleagues and family members about the trip and any other party concerned. In order to avail for proper distribution of money, Sam must consider the amount of money he is going to spend on the trip and distribute it accordingly based on the travel budget. This will involve considerations on which means of transport to use and the cost on the same, where to stay and the funding for the various activities included in the vocation needs. This includes entertainment costs, agency costs among others (Shepherd, 2001). After deciding on how much to spend on each item, Sam should gather all the items listed in his travel schedule. This will include items such as a suitcase, clothing and other items related to his personal wellbeing. He should also gather all items necessary to meet his vocational goals such as books if he is going for an educational vocation. In order to be on schedule, Sam must identify the date for the trip and make the necessary arrangements with the parties involved. This will

The Good, the Bad, and Your Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Good, the Bad, and Your Business - Essay Example The pressure to make the correct business decisions is often unbearable to many managers. Indecision, anxiety, or a misstep can bring the company to its knees in today's highly competitive economy. While ethical dilemmas remain unsolved, employee morale can plummet, productivity can drop off, business competitors can take a large proportion of your profits, and dissatisfied customers can free (Seglin, 1999). This is bad news for business managers. It is on this premise that Jeffrey L. Seglin wrote the book, The Good, the Bad, and Your Business to give business managers some useful insights on how to conduct their businesses more efficiently and navigate through their everyday moral business dilemmas. Business mistakes can put a decent professional in serious ethical troubles. This essay attempts to answer some ethical considerations and questions using the above named book. The four point's test, otherwise called the CEO test is credited to Norman Augustine, a former Chief Executive Officer of Lockheed Martin (Maslanka, 2008). In his contribution, Augustine asked business managers to reckon four questions whenever they were faced with an ethical dilemma. First, a manager should ask if the ethical dilemma is legal to avoid getting engaged in illegal activities that could further dent the image of the company. Secondly, the manager should spend time pondering about the fairness of the ethical dilemma if it was personally meted on him or her instead of the employees. If the ethical dilemma was splashed in the front page of the local newspaper, would the manager feel contented Finally, the manager should ask himself if he would feel satisfied if her mother saw him implement the ethical dilemma. If the manager answers to the affirmative in all the above questions, then the decisions he makes on the dilemma are ethical (Seglin, 2007). Q2: Comparing and contrasting the Four-point e test with the twelve-point test. The twelve-point test offers a more pragmatic framework for most mangers in dealing with ethical issues and dilemmas. First, a manager must ask himself if he has defined the problem accurately. Secondly, the manager must ask himself how he would have viewed the dilemma if he was an employee. Further, the manager must dig into how the problem occurred in the first place and who was involved in the situation in the first place. After evaluating the above, the manager should then stop to ponder what his intentions are in making the decision that he wants to make and how will the intentions compare with likely results. Afterwards, the manager must evaluate the consequences of his decisions. The eighth question, which is the most crucial question, is whether the manager can engage the affected party in discussing the problem before making a final judgment. Afterwards, the manager should stop to ponder about the longevity of the decision he makes. Will it appear valid over a long period of time as it appears now Another crucial question for the manager is whether he could disclose the decisions that he has made to his boss, CEO, board of directors, the society, and family members without any misgivings. The manager should also consider the symbolic potential of the action he is about to take. Finally, the mana

Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching - Essay Example As such the integrated curriculum helps in enhancing learning and teaching. In the skill based curriculum, students are allowed to explore their own skills and goals in a bid to make achievements. This system stresses ability demonstration through various ways. The evaluation method inn this case includes team work and embraces non-academic skills, service consumers, job assessment by supervisors, role playing, interviews, and documentation of experience not relevant to academics. From the principles outlined by the two types of curriculum development, I would decide on the best curriculum through critical evaluation of each type. Therefore, I would choose the skill based curriculum because it focuses on developing not only academic skills but non-academic skills as well. It gives room for the development of non-academic skills that students poses. In the current world, the greatest income earners are those engaged in extra curriculum activities like athletics and soccer. Therefore, if these talents can be nurtured at school, children who fail academically can use their talents to earn their daily bread. Moreover, skill based curriculum is more accountable for situations of learning that link field work and theory. It also promotes dialogue between the academic faculty and field professionals, with students getting the opportunity to actively participate in there areas of interest.

Personal Relationship Selling Essay Example for Free

Personal Relationship Selling Essay Successful firms are dismissing the hard-sell, short-term orientation of personal selling in favor of a customer-oriented, long-term selling model referred to as relationship selling. A lot of businesses can establish distinctive positions in the marketplace for themselves, their goods, as well as their services. This capability is a potent strength in marketing. Indeed, an effective marketing stratagem is also known for its excellent positioning strategy. However that in itself is does not guarantee customer following because it is not so much what the company says regarding one’s goods/services/organization as much as it is what the clients declare about them. It is not what businesses say to their customers but rather what they accomplish with their clients that build their position in the industry. Differentiation, from the standpoint of the customer, is not an idea which is goods or services-related in so far as it is connected to how the company carries out its business activities. In this day and age where information is a valuable resource, it is no longer practical to merely produce an image. The distinction among perception and actuality has improved over time. Further, in a society where consumers are offered with a lot of choices, they can be unpredictable. Griffin and Herres (2002) relate that this just only implies that contemporary marketing is a fierce clash for the loyalty of the customer. Contemporary marketing now stress a unique connection with the client and communications of the market place. A Concept Definition A key role of modern marketing is that of a management mindset implemented throughout an organization rather than confined to a particular department. This perspective considers marketing as a guiding management principle or mind attitude which places the customer first, and it is commonly described as a marketing orientation. It is a comparatively more extensive outlook of the function of marketing than has been visualized in the past and it direly affects an extensive array of functions within the organization. This concept grew progressively over the last twenty years that puts forward the fundamental theory that it is more cost-effective for the business to focus its attention on continuance and improvement of present relationships with customer as compared to continually looking to catch the attention of new customers. Relationship selling has progressed since that time to make possible the effort of a business to classify, preserve, and construct a network of individual customers and to constantly reinforce the network by way of interactive, personalized, and value-added connections over an extended period of time. A primary force behind any strategy of relationship selling is that acquiring new clients through snatching them away from a rival business is more often than not costlier as compared to holding on to current clients (Rogers, 2001). Personal relationship selling is a concept that gives weight and credence to building up lasting win-win relationships with potential clients and current ones. It is a marketing (communications) approach that is aimed at establishing profitable relationships with loyal customers. Relationship selling views every customer as a valuable asset of the company to be nurtured and grown. It is intended to convert potential individuals into loyal clients, nothing more than that. But marketing is not all about advertising or promotion; it is more about creating loyal clients. Personal relationship selling has its foundations on the relationship between consumer contentment, consumer allegiance and profitability for the business. Brassington and Pettitt (2003) noted that it has been known in marketing literature that it is more than four times more economical to maintain a present client as compared to acquiring new clients. Others even maintain that considerable augment in revenue will be highly possibly achieved through improving client retention rate by even only a few percent. Therefore, businesses of today should instead center their attention on maintaining their current clients, working towards making them supporters and partners rather than focusing their efforts on acquiring new clients. The essence of proper customer loyalty is not measured by just the client making repeat buys; it is instead grabbing a allocation from the wallet of the consumer (the proportion of a consumer’s expenditure in a goods/service category for a firm’s brand) as near to one hundred percent if that is feasible (Griffin and Herres, 2002). Personal relationship selling is relationship marketing. It means perseverance to work for nil defection. It means considering first the welfare of the present consumers prior to the attempt to catch the attention of new ones. In the same manner, a brand that is flourishing does nothing other than creating a relationship between the consumer and the brand that is out of the ordinary. A review of the related literature on the subject would reveal that a considerable number of academics, consulting firms, and corporate leaders are continuously attempting to develop various tools and techniques to measure the impact of employee contentment, loyalty and maintenance of consumer contentment, loyalty and preservation. In fact, some also try to develop and prove hypotheses that will assist them in gauging the impact of both these measures on their bottom line. For the reason of the repercussions for productivity and expansion, Schmitt (2003) argues that consumer maintenance is possibly one of the most influential strategies that businesses can utilize in their struggle to achieve a strategic advantage and continue to exist nowadays in an ever mounting competitive environment. It is very important that businesses comprehend fully the concerns and the methods behind consumer and worker retention and the function that relationship selling can take part in putting together plans and strategies. Relationship Selling Vs. Transactional Approach Relationship selling is viewed as a paradigm shift from the transactional approach to marketing with a new focus on developing and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships. Historically, the transactive paradigm came into being as a result of mass production, wholesaling and the utilization of middlemen who were removed from the organization. The drive towards developing relationship selling has been largely fuelled by the proliferation of high-quality competing products and services that are available to customers. Personal relationship selling is the opposite of transaction marketing in which the ambition to retain customers does not exist in the latter. Conventional transaction is temporary and focused only on making a sale and further only aspires for what is known as the one-shot deal. Transaction selling centers on the sales presentation, or ‘pitch’, designed to secure an immediate sale. Little regard is given to the customers true needs, particularly over the long run. By contrast, relationship selling focuses on developing and enhancing a mutually beneficial bond between buyer and seller. The focus has changed from ‘making a sale’ in the short run to ‘getting and keeping the right customers’ over the long term (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Whereas market exchanges are casual short-term discrete (transactional) episodic encounters primarily motivated by self-interest, relational exchanges develop when people wish to develop long-term exclusive and supportive relationships on the basis of mutual knowledge that simplifies their trading environment. Whereas traditional marketing, operating through market exchanges, manages the preparation and promotion of an offering in order to consummate an exchange, relationship or interactive marketing also works to maintain the relationship between product-based exchange episodes. Rather than pursue a market relationship to bring a product and a consumer/buyer together, relationship marketing attempts to establish and cultivate a marketing relationship that enables cooperative problem-solving. Elements of Relationship Selling The literature is replete with discussions of what key elements are entailed of relationship selling. Relationships are built over time, and time is one of the most important elements of relationship selling. Information isnt only available in greater profusion than ever before, technology has also allowed it to be delivered with unprecedented speed. This is entirely consistent with pressure on the customer, and the amplified pressure on companies supplying them, for speed in development and delivery. Companies will, increasingly, have to anticipate what time performance customers consider attractive, even acceptable. If time is an issue with only segments, or fragments, of customers, companies will have to determine if investing resources in faster development, delivery, or service is economically worthwhile. A perceived scarcity of time can also make customers want shorter interactions with businesses. Consumers value time and are less and less willing to accept or tolerate excess in this area. This can also make customers worry about the differences between what they want and what they actually get in their relationship with the business. Often, speed, or the lack of same, is a strong supplier attrition or defection lever: waiting lines and waiting time, and their impact on service encounters and customer loyalty management, have become an entire area of psychological and business study. If customers feel they are short of time, concise communications is an important relationship proposition. However, this may be culturally dependent. In some cultures, the importance of a decision can be made quickly. It is also possible that customers will want to spend more time on purchases that they perceive as having high involvement or to which they attach great importance. Overall, the time aspect of a relationship is a complex issue, since the time invested in relationship selling (the time spent in relationship-related activities) can be seen as a benefit or a non-monetary cost, depending on the attitude of the customer. Building trust and commitment are also crucial elements of relationship marketing as they are needed for the maintenance of the relationship, encouraging a long-term view as opposed to a short-term one, and also allow for certain risks to be taken because of the belief that other parties in the relationship will not take advantage of the situation. Having a long-term view and nurturing the relationship by providing and showing commitment allows for the development of deeper levels of relationships (Sobel, 2003). The commitment and trust elements are conceptualized as existing when there is reliability, confidence and integrity. This requires delivering on promises (what was stated in the packaging or advertisements, for instance) and building financial, social and structural bonds between the business organization and its customers. Choice is largely driven by a customers relationships with a product or service, and with the companies that offer them. Its about experience, and levels of trust and commitment, through contact with suppliers. Because, in most industries, choices are so readily available, customers are increasingly less hesitant to change suppliers. When replacement is perceived as more positive than negative, theyll move on. Industries such as banking and managed care have seen this occur (Bradley, 2003). The relationship itself becomes the focus of marketing efforts rather than the product. In addition to the marketing mix variables, customer care/customer service initiatives and interactive marketing are central to relationship selling. Credibility is the key to the whole market-positioning process. With so many new products and new technologies on the market, customers are intimidated by the decision-making process. Many customers dont even understand the technologies used in new products. Technology-based products are links in a chain: they are attractive because they are linked to the future. But when people are buying a piece of the future, they need to be reassured that their money goes somewhere that is worth their money. They want to buy from a supplier with credibility. Benefits of Relationship Selling To the extent that relationship selling contributes to goods differentiation and generates obstacles to switching to another brand, it can make available a competitive advantage for the producer or the vendor. Building a long-term relationship with buyers provides more opportunities for the seller to sell new and additional solutions. The vendor in lasting relationships may realize profitability rates that are higher though a reduction of discretionary expense such as selling, general, and administrative costs. Besides financial rewards, the relationship may make available to the vendor admission to new markets and increased competence to enhance innovation (Sobel, 2003). Buyers benefit from being able to tie together the skill and the strength of the vendor to their benefit. Specific advantages to buyers include enhanced quality and process presentation, unremitting cost diminutions, enhanced support relationships, and contract predictability. The benefits of long-term relationships with customers are obvious. As mentioned earlier, it costs more than four times more economical to maintain a present client as compared to acquiring a new one. Repeat business is a hallmark of relationship selling. Another outgrowth of happy customers is referrals. A company can have as much customers as it wants, but it has the responsibility of taking care of tem individually. Most new customers are referred by old customers who are content with the company’s goods or services. Referral sales are a leading indicator of a company’s emotional bank account with customers. Honeycutt, Ford and Simintiras (2003) assert that a small decrease in customer defection leads to a large increase in sales and profits Defected customers can cause other customers to leave, while loyal customers are more profitable and require less handholding. Disappointed customers cause negative word of mouth, while loyal customers are company and brand advocates. Relationships also increase the value of the customer. All of these are reasons to believe that relationship marketing is more effective than transaction marketing. The concept of lifetime customer value is used to describe the estimation of how much a customer contributes to the companys profit over the years he or she buys from the company. The ultimate purpose of relationship marketing should be to maximize this lifetime value for every customer. Process of Managing Relationship Selling The relationship selling management process is the process that captures orders for delivered goods and services and that facilitates strong customer loyalty (Griffin and Herres, 2002). Identifying primary consumers or consumer groups that the business aims at as significant to its company mission is an important step that has to be carried out. Agreements with regards to goods and/or services spelling out the intensity of presentation are instituted together with these primary consumer groups. Performance measurements are carried out to examine the service levels given to consumers in addition to consumer profitability. For a company to be committed to relationship selling, it must become everyones responsibility. Customer loyalty is in job descriptions, training programs, reward and recognition, and action. Relationship selling begins with the contact with a customer and culminates with the receipt of an order. If the relationship selling management is effective, it will result in an ongoing series of orders from customers who are delighted to do business with the company. Bradley (2003) relates that the activities involved in managing relationship selling include sales force management, customer data management, cal center management, on-line product catalogs, product configuration, order/proposal configuration and order management. Relationship selling also includes the flow of work, material and information. The flow of information begins with customer contact. The information that must be managed includes order status, production status, process planning, maintenance information and schedules. Firms need to have a clear-cut, well-defined approach to managing their relationship selling. Typically, the process entails selecting the portfolio of customers to serve, developing a corresponding portfolio of relationship selling strategies, monitoring the health of customer relationships over time and linking relationship selling management efforts to economic reward – that is, customer profitability. How well a firm manages the relationship selling activity will determine the degree to which it is able to quantify the costs and benefits associated with relationship selling, which, in turn, will influence its decision about which customers to continue to serve. Rogers (2001) also shares that other key strategy elements in relationship selling include those of personalizing the relationships to each and every sole consumer, supplementing primary services with added advantages, services with respect to pricing in order to persuade customers to be loyal, and treating employees well in order that that they carry out their duties better for the customers as well. Future Directions The growing adoption of a relationship selling system is evidence that businesses are to a greater extent attempting to place the consumers interest at the heart of their trade as part of their overall business strategy. For many organizations, a focus on customer relationship strategies may be premature until sales management practices are properly aligned with the intended strategic orientation (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Reliance on sales quotas that focus performance on short-term behaviors may be in direct conflict with long-term relationship objectives. Strategic realignment of the selling effort toward long-term customer relationships calls for a reexamination of common sales management tools such as sales quotas, compensation methods, and evaluation methods and measures to assure they are consistent with relational selling objectives of the firm. But there is little doubt that the manner in which salespeople establish and maintain relationships is a sophisticated part of their job. The salesperson who is honest, accountable, and cares about the customer’s business adds value to the relationship. Salespeople should recognize that the quality of the partnership they create is at least as important as the product they sell, and to this end, they must adapt to the buying needs of customers whenever possible. While sales and marketing functions constantly adapt to modernization, old techniques are not always abandoned (Honeycutt, Ford and Simintiras, 2003). Selling has thrived because it has diversified along with the markets it serves. As technology has created a vast array of products and options, global markets, and niche markets, it has also fragmented and expanded the salespersons role. To continue to exist in lively market places, businesses obviously have to to set up strategies that can endure the unstable changes in the environment of the market. They have to erect well-built fundamentals that won’t be propelled away in the rage of the storm that is competitiveness. And they simply cannot carry that out through centering their attention on promotions and advertising alone. To a certain extent, they have to have a firm grasp of the market structure that they are targeting. After that they should improve and maintain good relationships with key stakeholders in the market that are directly affected by their actions. Said relationships are more vital than inexpensive tag prices, flamboyant advertising, or even superior technology. Customers and others influence changes in products and services through their participation in the relationship selling process. Transformations in the market environment can rapidly and surprisingly adjust the prices and technologies, save for well-built relationships that can stand the tests of time. These developments should challenge the marketing communications manager because it includes knowledge management, marketing automation, customer care, call centers, and sales force automation. This is obviously much more than promotional advertising design.