Protein Synthesis Essays - Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology

Protein Synthesis The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy. The cell can break down the starch with little difficulty as if each molecule was identical, even though there is a wide variety of molecules. This is a different case in Protein Synthesis. In Protein Synthesis, there are twenty different amino acids and if one is out of place than is will effect the specificity of the protein. In a healthy person, the protein hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is helps with the transfer of respiratory gases from the blood to the tissues of the body. With an illness called sickle-cell anemia, the red blood cells are changed from a round, disk shape to a floppy looking sickle shape. These cells therefore cannot pass through small blood vessels due to their divergent shape. The actual cause of this mutation is a gene disorder, where the sixth codon of the protein glutamaric acid is changed with valine. This small change in the genetic code can cause severe defects in the effected such as blood clots, severe disorders and even death. All this can result from a misinterpretation in one codon in a chain of hundreds! Protein synthesis acts in this way, that is if there is only the most minuscule mistake it can have monstrous effects. THE BASICS OF DNA AND GENES Protein synthesis first begins in a gene. A gene is a section of chromosome compound of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. Each DNA strand is composed of phosphate, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases or nucleotides. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA. They are (A)denine, (G)uanine, (T)hymine, (C)ytosine and they must be paired very specifically. Only Adenine with Thymine (A-T) and Guanine with Cytosine (G-C). To form a polynucleotide DNA, many nucleotides are linked together with 3`-5` phosphodiester linkages. In a complete molecule of DNA two of these polynucleotide strands are linked together by nitrogenous bases at 90 degrees to the sugar-phosphate "spine" (FIG. 1). The nitrogenous bases are held together with weak hydrogen bonds. One polynitrogenous chain runs in a 3'-5' direction, the 3' being the top hydroxyl and the 5' being the bottom phosphate attached to the carbon five of the sugar. The other string runs the opposite. The two strands of the structure cannot be identical but they are complimentary. There is no restrictions on the placement and sequence of the nucleotides, which becomes important in storage of information. TRANSCRIPTION: The Synthesis of RNA Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA must remain in the nucleus, a way of transporting the code is essential. This comes in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid or m-RNA. Since the information on the DNA must stay the same on the m-RNA, the two have to be very similar. There are three major differences between RNA and DNA. RNA is only a single strand. The five carbon sugar of RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose and in RNA the pyrimidine uracil (U) replaces DNA's pyrimidine thymine (T). Since RNA is produced from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as the nucleotides of DNA because the code for amino acids is centered around the RNA structure. The process in which m-RNA is synthesized is called transcription. This process is similar to DNA replication in the way that for transcription to occur, the double helix DNA must be unwound as in DNA replication (FIG 2). The major difference between transcription and replication is that in transcription only one of the strands is used as a template and only one m-RNA strand is produced. Transcription can be broken up into three parts in order to be understood. These steps are: i)initiation, ii)elongation and iii)termination. Initiation of transcription is how the transcription begins. The enzyme responsible for m-RNA synthesis is called RNA polymerase 2. The RNA polymerase knows where to begin transcription because it is coded into the DNA. Elongation of transcription represents how the process happens. This occurs the same way as DNA replication, with the

Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small Business

Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small Business Free Online Research Papers My partner and I have made the decision to open our very own partnership business. We have been working for S J Home Repairs for the past fifteen years. We have studied all aspects of the business together; bring S J Home Repairs to a well established and reputable business for the owner. One day we went to the boss with a suggestion of us becoming partners in the company, because we were the ones actually running our offer down. By this time Jack and I decided we can do these ourselves. One afternoon we sat down and worked out all the financial decisions and exactly what we both needed to bring to the table to get this done. Finally it hit us that, we are going to be our own bosses and there is no more set time, we have to motivate and organize everything ourselves. One of the decisions we made is to hirer three managers and twenty additional employees. The manager for the Queens region will get 6 employees to work with him, the manager for the Bronx will get 7 employees and Brooklyn the next 7 employees. Being good managers is the first step to achieving success in your business. â€Å"Today’s managers must be self-aware, observant, and understanding.† (AllBusiness.com). It is important to give praise to your star employees, not because they are good at what their do, doesn’t mean they do not want to hear their boss say, â€Å"good job† or â€Å"well done.† Another good way is to let them know exactly what the company’s goals are and think about other strategies that will include them. However, in business there is always that risk of failure, so you will want to devise a plan that will help avoid the four main failure mechanisms of small business which are: Managerial incompetence or inexperience Neglect Weak control systems Insufficient capital In order to avoid managerial incompetence or inexperience, business owners must find different ways to develop their management skills, don’t depend only on common sense. Being competent in this phase of the business is extremely important for the foundation of the business. These skills allow you to make better decisions on, dealing with emergencies, recruiting, purchasing, book keeping, marketing, training, planning etc. To avoid failure business owners need to identify the things that is needed to be accomplished, their need to ensure that they organize their resources; they need to pay close attention to the performance and the task completion (need to be will informed). Business owners also need to look ahead and make plans for any future requirements and try dealing with any problems that may arise. Avoiding neglect, business owners need to set aside devoted time for their business in order to succeed, especially in the starting up stages of the business. They need to pay attention to every detail of the business and its workers. Show your managers and employees that you are totally involved in the running of you business and that you need to be informed on any matter that relates to the business. Having a weak control system is also damaging to a business. Business owners need to an open communication between their employees and focus on growing the company profits before offering credit possibilities to it customers. Starting a business with the right amount of capital can also lead to a successful business. First you need to ensure that you have at least one year’s capital because most new business start seeing profits after the first 6 months of business. So for the business to succeed and start profiting business owners must try to avoid the things that can lead to failures for the business. Reference: AllBusiness.com 2007. (Home page). Become a Better Manager. Retrieved. September 7, 2007, from allbusiness.com/human-resources/workforce-management/1002-1.html Sherlock, Joseph, M., Score Vancouver Chapter. How Not to Fail. Retrieved. September 7, 2007, from scorevancouver.org/business-tip4.html Ebert, Ronald J., Griffin, Ricky, W., 6th ed (2007). Business essentials. Pearson Prentice Hall Research Papers on Avoiding the Four Main Failure Mechanisms of Small BusinessThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized Testing

Benefits Of Tennis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits Of Tennis - Essay Example Therefore, one should learn a particular ability when playing tennis to improve his or her life. It begins by discovering the fundamental techniques and skills applied in the game and how interested played can become professional. The forehand stroke ability, for instance, involves using either the right or the left hand in ball control coming from the opponent during the game. This ensures that a player is not outwitted when controlling the body and it is common for tennis matches. As a result, Malcolm Gladwell in his article The Physical Genius observes that most tennis players possess that innate brilliance that is only manifested through their hands when they play. Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ab ility in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur into a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals.... Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ability in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur to a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals. A boost in the muscle flexibility, strength and even tone is another reason to play tennis. Overall, this will result to better health while increasing oneâ₠¬â„¢s bone density and even reaction times (Roetert & Ellenbecker 123). It will also augment the metabolic function especially when one a person is continuously playing with other others such as three times a week is motivated to embrace failure as chance to try again. Playing tennis means a lot to those who cherish the sport. Such persons, for example, want to teach others the rules and regulations of the game. People also establish new acquaintances who become friends and this often nurtures communal love. It also sharpens social skills in our daily life because it becomes easier to chat up total strangers when is in need of urgent help. Likewise, it backs Gladwell’s assertion that most good players understand the direction of the ball

Carmax System in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carmax System in China - Essay Example The company expects to open five new stores in 2012 in the U.S market, with a total of 103 used car stores across U.S by the end of 2011, making CarMax the largest used car company in the U.S. The online market is the most active market, with more than 75% of used car customers in the country visiting the company’s websites, or buying their cars online (CarMax, 2011). The company has an integrated RFID system that tracks vehicles as an inventory management system; the system tracks vehicles throughout the purchase life; from the purchase, to reconditioning, test drives to the final sale (CarMax, 2011). The use of the Radio Frequency Identification ensures that all vehicles in the company are scanned accordingly, tracked to prevent any possible theft or losses in the process. The use of RFID makes each vehicle to be linked to sales consultant, and aids in tracking the market pricing in wholesale of vehicles. The use of the RFID technology is critical in ensuring the management has the required real time information concerning storage and transportation, inventory, pricing, vehicle transfers, auctions, productivity, credit process, information among other processes (CarMax, 2011). In addition to the above inventory management, the Electronic Repair Order System (ERO) is strategically used in reconditioning processes, and procedures in the company. The technology enhances quality, while reducing costs, which are then transferred to the customer as enhanced services and profitability (CarMax, 2011). The above information technology in inventory tracking, and in managing the repair works ensure that the company has a competitive advantage over other second hand car dealers in U.S. CarMax in United States market is highly developed with leading technologies in inventory and repair process. This is due to the high volume of cars handed by the company annually, with large auction stores; about 103 stores across the U.S. CarMax Co. Ltd is a car accessory distribu tor for Hotai Motor Co. Ltd, a Taiwan based distributor of Japanese car maker, Toyota (CNA, 2011). The company started its operations in China in March 2011, by initiating two branches dealing with used cars, and car systems. According to Hotai, used car market in china is still at its infancy as at 2011, but with a great growth potential expected. In China, the total car sales are about 20 million units, compared to the 300,000 units sold annually in Taiwan (CNA, 2011). Currently, the high sales volume of used cars in China portrays a rapid increase in the used cars market that will certainly surpass the purchase of new cars in the near future. A Study report conducted by Arthur D. Little, a world renown management consulting firm, indicates the annual sales volume of used cars in China will surpass the sales of new cars, by the year 2020 (Tong, 2011). The compound annual growth of used cars in China between 2006 and 2012 was about 25%, and predicted to grow at much higher rates in the future. However, the Chinese used car market is on the budding stage, with more Chinese realizing a fertile market in used cars, boosted by increasing business in rental cars. The standard of used cars will mature with time, and the ratio of used cars to new cars expected to be more than 1 in the near future (Tong, 2011). Therefore, CarMax looks forward for a booming business in used car market in China in the near future. The improving used car market has led CarMax to open two new branches in China; in preparation for the expected high demand of used cars in future. China has become the world leading market for RFID by value. For example, in 2008 the East Asia countries bought an equivalent of about $2.8 billion of the $5.29 worth of RFID spent globally. China alone spent $1.96 billion to

The dividend discount models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The dividend discount models - Essay Example This model calculates the value of common stock as follows. V0 = At 5%, 6% and 4% successive dividend growth rates from first year to third year, and D0 given, we can estimate D1, D2, and D3; and given g we can estimate the value of stock (V0) as per the equation. The Dividend Discount Models are not very accurate mainly because of the difficulty of estimating a rate of growth of dividends, and unpredictability of stock markets, which may overbid or underbid prices of stocks. 2.2 The FCFF Model This model calculates the present value of all future free cash flows minus the market value of outstanding debt and preferred stock.Value of Operations = Value of Equity = Value of Operations - Value of Debt Value per Share = Value of Equity / Total Common Stock Outstanding 2.3 Multiples Approach Analysts many times use price multiples to value stocks. These multiples may be Price/Earning, Price/ Cash Flow, Price/Revenue, Price/ Book, Price/ Sales, Price/ Earnings Growth (PEG). ( Using Ratios and Multiples, n.d.) The most popular P/E Ratio is shown below: P/E = (Stock Price/ EPS) EPS = Earnings per share Higher P/E ratio denotes better growth prospects and vice versa. The drawback of this method is that it becomes meaningful only with context. The context may be skewed. Reported earnings may sometimes be inflated or depressed. Firms that go through turbulent business cycles require more investigation. Other shortcomings of multiples method is that comparable firms are hard to find within an industry or industries. 2.4 Yield Based Valuation Models These models include the Cash Return method (Cash Return = Free Cash Flow + Net Interest... Common Stocks represent an ownership position in a firm. This position entitles the holder to several privileges. An important part of value investing is valuation of common stock. There are several methods of common stock valuation, some of which we discuss in this paper.The Dividend Discount Models mainly predict the dividends, and net present value of a common stock. According to this method, the value of a dividend is the sum of all future dividends. Three types of discount models predict future dividends or value of a stock as outlined below. There are several methods, of common stock valuation, available to investors or analysts. Some of the methods outlined above are more popular ones. These methods present a more or less accurate estimate of the value of a common stock. Gordon Growth Model: This model works best for firms which show stable growth rates (not higher than that of the economy in the long term); which pay out large dividends; and which have a stable leverage. For other firms it is not very reliable.Variable Growth model: This model is most reliable for firms with unstable but moderating growth rates, and which pay dividends that equal FCFE or where FCFE are difficult to estimate. Advantages: 1. The sales numbers are more or less exact and not subject to manipulation or assumption. 2. Sales are not volatile as earnings may be. 3. Sales is a much more stable benchmark.

Child And Young Person Development

Child And Young Person Development Physical development is usually very rapid early on in the childs development. Within weeks of being born a baby will start to smile and respond to sounds and environments around them. By 6 months as their muscles begin to develop they will reach for and hold objects which they will also put into their mouths. By one year old they are beginning to crawl or shuffle, pulling or pushing on furniture to stand and then explore using furniture or adults for support. Sitting has progressed to unaided and they are rolling from their front to their back. They are beginning to be curious with objects, passing them between hands, handling them in different ways and looking for things that are hiding. Their hand to eye co-ordination improves as items are passed from hand to hand. Their first teeth may start to appear and solid foods may start to be introduced. Between one and two years walking will begin and toys will start to be pulled/pushed along whilst walking. Objects will be picked up and banged together or built to make a small tower. A preference for one hand may start to appear as they begin to hold crayons etc when mark making on paper. They enjoy trying to feed themselves both with finger foods and with a spoon, and will drink from a cup with both hands. Waving goodbye becomes fun, they will begin to point to what they want and shake their head to mean no. Between the ages of 2 and 3 mark making on paper will progress to scribbles as they begin to use pencils etc. Balls start to be kicked and thrown. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before, and they will start to experiment with liquids in play by pouring. At 3 years children begin to gain more independence. Their mobility and climbing skills will be advancing as they run, jump, catch, walk up and down stairs etc. Dexterity increases with small objects like puzzles, threading beads etc. Dressing and undressing will be assisted but more cooperative. At 4 years boys gross motor skills tend to be more developed when it comes to throwing and aiming, building, climbing, pedalling etc, whereas girls fine motor skills tend to be more developed with the use of scissors, holding a pencil to draw and colour threading small beads sewing stitches etc. At 5 years children will have more pencil control and will begin to copy letters and shapes, and draw people. Ball games will develop more structure as they begin to kick with aim. They will begin to learn to hop on one foot, then the other and also to skip. At 6 years dressing becomes independent at they learn to do buttons, laces etc. Writing becomes more fluent as copying letter shapes has progressed to words and sentences with greater pencil control. Confidence has increased when playing outside in climbing, jumping from heights and riding a bike. At 7 years children begin to enjoy playing team games as they are now hitting a ball, running, jumping, skipping, swinging. However until around the age of 9 they may misjudge their ability. The age between 12 and 19, between childhood and adulthood is referred to as adolescence. Physical development during this period is very different in each child. As some may be just beginning to mature physically, others may have already reached full physical maturity. Sequence is the order that development happens in. Rate is the speed that it happens for example: sequence = a babys physical development may begin with rolling over then sit up, crawl, walk, run. Another may sit up, walk, run missing out rolling over crawling. Even though elements are missed the development still proceeds in whats viewed as an expected pattern. rate = where one baby may achieve walking unaided at 10 months another may accomplish it at 12 months another at 16 months. This is important because sequence is needed in order to plan effectively for children, looking at rate of development is also essential to help us to know weather a childs rate of development is at the correct stage for their age group. Task 2 There is a range of external and personal factors that influence the development in children and young peoples lifes: Personal factors such as, health and disability. Health is determined by our genes , diet, environment and stress. Some children may be born with a condition that will automatically effect their lifes, such as a blood disorder. Disability can also effect a childs development, for example if a child has a hearing impairment they may not be able to learn properly in school unless they have help from an adult. External factors can also influence a childs development such as, poverty and diet. Poverty affects children and their families in many different ways. Families living in poverty may not be able to afford good food which leads to poor diet. Having a poor diet can affect a childs growth, behaviour and development. Current practice is influenced by theories of development, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cognitive (e.g. Piaget) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Psychoanalytic (e.g Freud) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Humanist (e.g. Maslow) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Learning (e.g.Bandura) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operant conditioning (e.g. Skinner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Behaviourist (e.g. Watson) Cognitive Vygotsky like piaget posited children learn from hand on experiences. However unlike piaget he claimed that timely and sensitive invention by adults when children are learning a new task (zone of proximal development) could help children to learn new tasks. Vygotsky also stressed the importance of social interaction he felt other children can guide each others development as well as adults. Vygotsky also thought that children needed to be active in their own learning and that play is important for holistic learning. Humanist Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs need to be met for a child to reach full potential take anything away from that and child might never reach their potential. This is taken into account daily with the child centred care and holistic approach to child care and well being. Practitioners need to look at the environmental factors such as warmth, food clothes as well as the psychological needs like promoting self esteem, and love. Behaviourist Bandura Showed that children learnt through copying and observing, this can be applied today as if an early years worker with demonstrates an activity the child can learn to do it through copying. Or if a child has a good role model then they are likely to copy the behaviour. But if they see bad behaviour then they will copy the bad behaviour. Behaviourist Skinner Skinners operant conditioning negative and positive reinforcement, this theory can be applied though stickers praise and reward for good behaviour and through disapproval, time out and ignoring unwanted behaviour. Psychoanalytical Freud Freuds work may not be proven but Freuds work with unconscious actions and peoples mind skills are still used like when a child tells a lie they smile or put their hand over their mouths as if to stop the lie. John Bowlby Worked on attachment theories which are used in the day to day practice in education and social care at all stages they are given key workers who they build strong attachments to this helps children make transitions in their lives and to be able to make lasting friendships. Frameworks support development including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social pedagogy Social pedagogy Is a practice concerned with human beings learning, well being and inclusion to society treating children in a child centred way and a holistic way making sure that every childs needs are met especially those who are in need. Task 3 There are many ways to monitor children and young peoples development, for example: Observation: Observations can be taken during lessons or in the playground. They record what the child is doing in a subjective way. Its most appropriate to use this method when childs development is causing concern. Assessment framework: It is the way in which child is assessed to decide whether they have any particular needs and what these needs may be. It is useful in deciding whether the child is reaching expected milestones of development in different areas. The assessment framework is how children are assessed in school, for example when a child reads; we write it in their reading records. Information from colleagues and carers: Parents/carers who know the child and colleagues expertise are invaluable, especially when planning for social and academic success for pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities. If we are concerned about childs development its good to ask/share information. Disability can affect several areas of development at the same time but early support might help minimise the effects of the disability. Emotional reasons, if a child is not settled and having good attachments they are more likely to have low confidence and self esteem they might not try new tasks and have a lack of motivation. Physical development might be effected by genetics this can mean physical growth difficulties or may be the child might be a slower learner. Environmental, there are many reasons that can effect child development like poverty, where a child lives, education and their family structure can effect a childs development. Culturally how people bring up their children can differ vastly like in china a girl is deemed second class to a boy. Other cultures have restrictions on childrens freedoms this can adversely affect the childs development. Social reasons are that for children born into poverty and families whose parents are separated are likely to have negative effects of childrens development or if a family might give less time to activities which aid childrens developments like a lack of play this can also effect child development. Learning difficulties children might have these due to genetic diseases, birth difficulties, and cognitive difficulties or might just have difficulties with writing or reading. Communication may be affected by medical reasons such as hearing impairment or being tongue tied. These can cause communication problems, children who have communication needs find it hard to express themselves and can show aggressive behaviour when frustrated. Children who experience communication needs might have problems with reading and writing. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the childs needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a childs development . A psychiatrist is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Task 4 All young Childrens brains are still developing as they grow. Early identification can change the impact of any difficulty if support is provided early enough. Finding ways for children to communicate is vital for their emotional well-being as some children who have language and communication difficulties can become isolated or may develop antisocial behaviours. once parents and carers have identified that a child needs additional support, a multi-agency approach may be used. If the parent/carer goes to see their health visitor or gp they will then help to make an appropriate referral, this may just be to help rule out hearing or visual impairments. In some cases the gp might refer the child directly to a speech and language service. Some children may need to be assessed by an educational psychologist. Once it is established what kind of support a child needs the right approach can then be carried out in order for parents and the setting to work together. Children learn their language and communication skills by being around adults and other children especially whilst they are having fun. When children are playing and doing activities that interest them they are usually used to help support their development, language and speech because theyre being motivated; for example singing a nursery rhyme with children this will encourage speech movements and will be more engaging for the child instead of just having to repeat the movements in isolation. Task 5 There are different types of transitions that can affect children and young people such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emotional personal experiences such as parents separating, bereavement, begining or leaveing a place of care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physical change in environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual moving from one educational establishment to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Physiological puberty or medical conditions An example of a transition that could affect a child could be starting a before or afterschool club, this could affect a child because they may not know any other children at the setting and also may not know any of the staff, there for it could lead to the child being anxious and scared about meeting new people. A way to resolve this is to make sure the child is entering a friendly environment and be sure to introduce them to the other children and adults so that they feel more comfortable in the setting and also maybe ask another child to show them around and be their buddy to help them settle in. Also the child may be given a key person to help form a positive relationship with. The idea behind a key person is so that a child has that one person who they should feel they can go to and feel secure within their company. The key person should have a warm relationship with the child and be able to reassure them should they need to, also the key person will monitor the childs reactions in their new situation as this can provide a warning in some cases where this transition is not temporary.

Newspapers -- essays research papers

The front page of a newspaper provides a great deal of information on various subjects. Most newspapers include a weather forecast, an index or brief description of articles inside the paper, and a small sports scorecard to accompany the local and national news. Newspapers also concentrate on how to grab the attention of readers. They most commonly use a larger, darker type of print, mixture of color, and/or pictures on the front page of the paper. A newspaper’s job is to update people on the happenings around the world as well as in their own community. Community size often may influence or even dictate the findings on the front page of a newspaper. Normally the front page of a newspaper lets a person in on the findings throughout the remaining sections of the paper. A small index, or article description containing page numbers, usually shows a reader what the rest of paper contains. Accompanying this index, usually a forecast of the weather to come in the next few days manages to make it on the front page also. Some papers actually save the die-hard sports fans some time by having a miniature scoreboard recapping the scores of the day before. Remember that this doesn’t apply to all papers only to some. Newspapers constantly look for more readers and to help attract these readers many attempt to dress up their paper. While some papers remain basic and plain, others add color and size to font in a try to appeal to readers. Background color adds a little life to an otherwis...

Christmas Carol and household words Essay

What view of his own society does dickens show in a Christmas Carol and Household words? In 1845 Dickens wrote a Christmas Carol and Household word in 1856. He wrote them to demonstrate the conditions in which the poor had to have to live with in the Victorian age. Dickens wrote household words to show the well off people what the conditions were really like. He wrote Christmas Carol to entertain but also to show that things could get better. He shows many aspects of his own society in both texts The conditions for the poor were very hard and cruel. The rest of society did not treat them very well and they were ordered about. There was no care for the ill and slightly poor. Only the people that were destitute were given help and a place to stay for the night. In the morning they were given a piece of bread to last for the day. There was not that many that would get in. The destitute were forced to live in the gutters of the streets. â€Å"And if they get in, they would only have a roof for the night and a bit of bread in the morning,† this is a quote from household words spoken by a working class man that Dickens was talking to. The destitute people were the ones who had nothing of their own to live on. There were laws that stated that help must be given to these people. The more well off people were not that charitable towards these laws as shown in Christmas Carol when Scrooge told the two people who were collecting for charity to go away and to leave him alone. The poor were pushed to the side by the better off people. They had no choice but to accept blasi. Which means they had to get used to the conditions that they had to live their lives around. They had no choice. The poor were really miserable and depressed because there was never much room for them to stay. The poor were treated unfairly compared to the well off people. They were not treated like equals. The well off people employed the poorer people as they were cheaper to employ and they were able to boss them around. They had power over the poor because the poor were not in any persition to argue with the well off. If they did they would have lost their job on the spot. The less unfortunate people could not help that they were placed in a poor society, they were just unlucky The well off people were not charitable because they wanted to keep the money for themselves. They did this because if any thing was to happen to them in the future they would still have enough money to live on as nobody wanted to end up in the work houses. People like Timothy Winters were not cared for because he was not considederded to be that poor as he had a roof over his head and his father had a job working for Scrooge. Timothy was disabled. The working class man that Dickens was talking to in household words was one of a few that cared about the lower class but there was nothing that he could do about it. He blamed the society for what the lower class had to put up with. â€Å"This is an awful sight sir, in a Christian country†. In this quote the man was saying that you should treat others as you want to be treated yourself by others. This quote is telling the readers that the society that Dickens lived in is a Christian society. Christians are taught to respect others. The above quote surgest that the people in London were not respecting others. If they did respect others there may not have been so many well off people ignoring the poorer ones. The wells off people were not aware what the life was like for the poor. As they were not aware of how the poor lived they did not respect them. Scrooge was stingy with his money; he tried to save all the money that he could. Scrooge took the saving of money to the extreme. He was very stingy he would not share anything with anyone. He was not happy when his worker Mr Winters (Timothy Winter’s father) asked to have half the day off as it was Christmas day. He said I be paying you a full days pay but you will only be working for half the day. Scrooge does not believe in Christmas and good will, this is why he is not happy about letting his worker go home early. He knows that the work will not get done. This was so that he had money for the future. In the Victorian age there was no such thing as insurance or welfare. This meant that if you lost your business you would lose every thing and you would have nobody to turn to. For example if you had a fire and lost all off the contents of your business you would end up with no money to live on. You would then end up living in the workhouses, which were not very pleasant places to be in. nobody wanted to end up in a workhouse. But if you had saved money over the years you would still be able to live quite a happy life. This is why the richer people never gave much to the less fortunate. Most of the society was like this. You did get a few people that wanted to share what little they had with the ones who had nothing. In Dickens times every body was only thought about themselves. They would put themselves first and other last. Dickens is demonstrating in both texts that family is important In Dickens time there was three different classes of people, the upper, the working and the lower class. In both text dickens only describes the working and the lower. He talks about how the upper class treats the lower and the working classes.

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English In English grammar, you understood is the implied subject in most imperative sentences in the language. In other words, in sentences that convey requests and commands, the subject is almost always the personal pronoun you, even though its often not expressed. Examples and Observations In the examples below,  you understood  is indicated by square brackets:  []. As soon as she was on the sidewalk Mick caught her by the arm. You go right home, Baby Wilson. [] Go on, now!(Carson McCullers, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. Houghton Mifflin, 1940)I dont care if shes a murderer! [] Leave her alone! [] Get out of here and [] leave her alone! All of you! [] Get out of here!(Bethany Wiggins, Shifting. Bloomsbury, 2011)Youre not from around here, I say.[] Leave me alone.Youre from somewhere else. From EuropeYoure disturbing me. Id appreciate it if you would stop pestering me.(Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)Mrs. Bloxby sighed. Would you please leave, Mrs. Benson, and in future, would you telephone first? I am very busy. Please [] shut the door on your way out.Well, I never!Then its time you did. Goodbye!(M.C. Beaton [Marion Chesney], As the Pig Turns. St. Martins Press, 2011) You-Understood in Transformational Grammar Imperative sentences differ from others in that they lack subject noun phrases: Be quiet!Stand up!Go to your room!Do not smoke! Traditional grammar accounts for such sentences by claiming that the subject is you understood. Transformational analysis supports this position: The evidence for you as the subject of imperative sentences involves the derivation of reflexives. In reflexive sentences, the reflexive NP must be identical with the subject NP: Bob shaved Bob.Mary dressed Mary.Bob and Mary hurt Bob and Mary. The reflexive transformation substitutes the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the repeated noun phrase: Bob shaved himself.Mary dressed herself.Bob and Mary hurt themselves. Let us look at the reflexive pronoun that appears in imperative sentences: Shave yourself!Dress yourself! Any reflexive pronoun other than yourself results in an ungrammatical sentence: *Shave himself!*Dress herself! This fact provides evidence for the existence of you as the deep structure subject of imperative sentences. You is deleted by means of the imperative transformation, which is triggered by the Imp marker. (Diane Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. University Press of America, 1984) Implied Subjects and Tag Questions Some imperatives appear to have a third person subject as in the following: Somebody, strike a light! (AUS#47:24) Even in a sentence like this one, though, there is an understood second person subject; in other words, the implied subject is somebody among you all out there. Again, this becomes clearer when we tack on a question tagsuddenly the second person subject pronoun surfaces: Somebody, strike a light, will you? (AUS#47:24) In an example like this, it is quite clear that we are not dealing with a declarative, since the verb form would then be different: somebody strikes a light. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Pragmatics: Alternatives to the Plain Imperative If we have the feeling that a direct speech act might be perceived as a face threat by the hearer, there is quite a range of implicit directives, which are indirect speech acts . . . from which we might select something appropriate and less threatening to the others face. (28a) Shut the door.(28b) Can you shut the door, please?(28c) Will you shut the door, please?(28d) Would/could you please shut the door?(28e) Lets shut the door, shall we?(28f) Theres a draught in here. . . . [I]n Anglo culture there are scripts blocking the imperative (28a) and prescribing the interrogative (28 b, c, d). Though it may be perfectly acceptable among friends, the use of the imperative in (28a) is not appropriate when the speaker and hearer do not know each other well or when the hearer is of a higher social status or has power over the speaker. The use of the imperative as in Shut the door has the strongest impact on the hearer, but it is normally not used. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2004)

Elephants of the Sea essays

Elephants of the Sea essays In the mid 1700s when the slaughter of whales began there were about 20,000 southern right whales migrating to Africas coast thats 7x as many as today. There are two eras in history when whales were hunted. One was called open-boat and the other was modern whaling. Open-boat was in the days of mody dick, these were big men in small boat with nothing but the wind to help them go after the whales. It was harder for them for not every whale that they killed they could retrieve the carcass, most of the time the carcass would sink. They would use the whales bones for such things as umbrellas. The whale oil was used in products as medicines, engine lubricants and oil lamps. Inside the whales intestines there was a smell of digested squid that was called Ambergris this smell was turned into perfume. By the 1880s ambergris was selling for $15 an ounce. In 1980 Modern whaling brought with it cannon firing, steam powered boats, and cables to hold on to the dead carcass making it easier and fas ter to kill. Once a whale was ambushed and harpoon their insides were exploded. By 1930 whalers have taken 31,000 humpbacks, 14,000 blue, 14,000 fins etc. this continue for 40 yrs. until there were barely any whales. Inshore whales were basically gone while nobody could tell how many offshore were left. Till this day counts of some species are unclear. The humpback, the most recognizable whale is increasing by 12%. They return every year to breeding grounds giving birth as often as once every 24 months. While the southern right whale is increasing at a 7% rate. The sperm whale are recovering too but the chances of seeing one still remains small. IWC (International whaling Commission) stopped whaling station worldwide in 1986. Whale watching brings in big bucks to help organization. Ships patrol the edges of South Africa where whales go to breed. ...

Perform a Detailed Task Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perform a Detailed Task Analysis - Assignment Example For example if he is going for an educational vacation he should consider a place where there is access to books, internet and any other research tools he may require. If he is going for a recreational tour he might consider factors like the weather of the place of destination, the places to be ventured into and the security of the same. He also needs to conduct an economic analysis of the places to be visited in order to select the most convenient economical destination without compromising on the vocational goals (Kirwan, 1992) After identifying the place to visit based on the vocational goals, Sam should put down all the requirements in a hierarchical manner in order to make his trip a success. The most vital points to emphasize on include money allocation/distribution, gathering important personal effects, arranging for the day and time of departure, consulting with the travel agency and making other personal arrangements such as notifying colleagues and family members about the trip and any other party concerned. In order to avail for proper distribution of money, Sam must consider the amount of money he is going to spend on the trip and distribute it accordingly based on the travel budget. This will involve considerations on which means of transport to use and the cost on the same, where to stay and the funding for the various activities included in the vocation needs. This includes entertainment costs, agency costs among others (Shepherd, 2001). After deciding on how much to spend on each item, Sam should gather all the items listed in his travel schedule. This will include items such as a suitcase, clothing and other items related to his personal wellbeing. He should also gather all items necessary to meet his vocational goals such as books if he is going for an educational vocation. In order to be on schedule, Sam must identify the date for the trip and make the necessary arrangements with the parties involved. This will

The Good, the Bad, and Your Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Good, the Bad, and Your Business - Essay Example The pressure to make the correct business decisions is often unbearable to many managers. Indecision, anxiety, or a misstep can bring the company to its knees in today's highly competitive economy. While ethical dilemmas remain unsolved, employee morale can plummet, productivity can drop off, business competitors can take a large proportion of your profits, and dissatisfied customers can free (Seglin, 1999). This is bad news for business managers. It is on this premise that Jeffrey L. Seglin wrote the book, The Good, the Bad, and Your Business to give business managers some useful insights on how to conduct their businesses more efficiently and navigate through their everyday moral business dilemmas. Business mistakes can put a decent professional in serious ethical troubles. This essay attempts to answer some ethical considerations and questions using the above named book. The four point's test, otherwise called the CEO test is credited to Norman Augustine, a former Chief Executive Officer of Lockheed Martin (Maslanka, 2008). In his contribution, Augustine asked business managers to reckon four questions whenever they were faced with an ethical dilemma. First, a manager should ask if the ethical dilemma is legal to avoid getting engaged in illegal activities that could further dent the image of the company. Secondly, the manager should spend time pondering about the fairness of the ethical dilemma if it was personally meted on him or her instead of the employees. If the ethical dilemma was splashed in the front page of the local newspaper, would the manager feel contented Finally, the manager should ask himself if he would feel satisfied if her mother saw him implement the ethical dilemma. If the manager answers to the affirmative in all the above questions, then the decisions he makes on the dilemma are ethical (Seglin, 2007). Q2: Comparing and contrasting the Four-point e test with the twelve-point test. The twelve-point test offers a more pragmatic framework for most mangers in dealing with ethical issues and dilemmas. First, a manager must ask himself if he has defined the problem accurately. Secondly, the manager must ask himself how he would have viewed the dilemma if he was an employee. Further, the manager must dig into how the problem occurred in the first place and who was involved in the situation in the first place. After evaluating the above, the manager should then stop to ponder what his intentions are in making the decision that he wants to make and how will the intentions compare with likely results. Afterwards, the manager must evaluate the consequences of his decisions. The eighth question, which is the most crucial question, is whether the manager can engage the affected party in discussing the problem before making a final judgment. Afterwards, the manager should stop to ponder about the longevity of the decision he makes. Will it appear valid over a long period of time as it appears now Another crucial question for the manager is whether he could disclose the decisions that he has made to his boss, CEO, board of directors, the society, and family members without any misgivings. The manager should also consider the symbolic potential of the action he is about to take. Finally, the mana